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Anyone in the local community who is feeling rising distress or experiencing suicidal thoughts can now seek support at the new 'Safe Haven' located in Wagga, one of 20 new amoxil online canadian pharmacy drop in centres being trialled across NSW.Minister for Mental Health Bronnie Taylor said the Safe Haven is a place of refuge for anyone experiencing distress, and offers an alternative to going to a busy, stressful emergency department."We want people to know that they don't have to struggle alone on a bad day, they can go into http://www.microcapmillionaires.com/buy-real-amoxil-online/ the Safe Haven and get immediate help," Mrs Taylor said."This is all about creating a welcoming environment where people learn about their own response to crises and develop skills to help maintain their mental health. It can also be a place for people to just sit and have a cup of tea with a peer worker, join in an activity or sit in a quiet spot and listen to music.""This Safe Haven is for everyone, there is no referral required and anyone can drop in during opening hours.""It is another important community-based support for the Murrumbidgee region and complements existing supports such amoxil online canadian pharmacy as the team of Community Gatekeepers, Wellbeing School Nurses, Suicide Prevention Outreach Team and the Safeguards child and adolescent mental health response team announced earlier this year."Wagga's Safe Haven is located at 7 Yathong Street and open on Friday, Saturday and Sunday between 2pm and 9pm. The Griffith Safe Haven has also recently amoxil online canadian pharmacy launched, temporarily located at 5 Wiradjuri Place, Griffith. A more permanent home will be secured in the city later in the year. Murrumbidgee Local amoxil online canadian pharmacy Health District's Towards Zero Suicides Coordinator, Richard Parks, said the Safe Haven service is a warm, welcoming space staffed by people who can empathise with people who require support.

"The Safe Haven provides compassionate, respectful care by peer workers amoxil online canadian pharmacy with a lived experience of suicidality," Mr Parks said. "Peer support workers are uniquely placed to offer understanding and support because they have been in their shoes."Local people amoxil online canadian pharmacy with lived experience of suicidal crisis have been involved in co-designing this new suicide prevention service. The district also consulted widely with local health and welfare agencies to tailor the delivery of care to the Wagga community."The Safe Haven initiative is based on a model operating in the UK, which has achieved amoxil online canadian pharmacy a 33 per cent reduction in admissions to mental health inpatient units," said Mr Parks. Anyone can drop in to a Safe Haven during opening hours. There are no age limitations, however if the person is under 16 years of age, consent to participate will need to be sought from a parent or guardian.The NSW Government has invested $25.1 million in the Safe Haven initiative, which contributes to the Towards Zero Suicides Premier's Priority.If you, or amoxil online canadian pharmacy someone you know, is thinking about suicide or experiencing a personal crisis or distress, please seek help immediately by calling 000 (Triple Zero) or one of these services.

Lifeline 13 11 14 Suicide Call Back Service 1300 659 467To connect with specialist mental health services in the Murrumbidgee, call Accessline 1800 800 944.​Councils and staff across the state came together in a webinar yesterday afternoon to discuss the impacts of buy antibiotics on the mental health of the NSW local government workforce and the communities they serve.Minister for Local Government Shelley Hancock said more than 200 council workers, councillors, mayors and general managers joined the amoxil online canadian pharmacy webinar with Minister for Mental Health Bronnie Taylor and NSW Chief Psychiatrist Dr Murray Wright. "The last 18 months has been a very difficult time for everybody, with prolonged restrictions on our daily lives and mounting social and economic impacts, so this webinar was designed to address the many stressful and isolating issues we've been encountering," Mrs Hancock said."The webinar provided an opportunity for council staff and councillors to take stock of their own mental health, obtain information on support services, and ask questions and receive advice from the experts. "While much of the focus for councils has been on providing infrastructure, amoxil online canadian pharmacy facilities and services to their communities during the buy antibiotics outbreak, it's important to reflect on the mental health of council staff and councillors in addition to residents. "Our 128 local councils across NSW comprise nearly amoxil online canadian pharmacy 1,300 councillors and more than 48,000 staff, and they too are enduring incredible stress in serving their local communities in the face of unprecedented challenges. "The Office of Local Government has so far held nine webinars during this current buy antibiotics outbreak with key ministers and senior government officials to keep them up to date with the latest developments and restrictions."The NSW Government will continue to support our councils and their local communities to respond and recover from the buy antibiotics amoxil."Mrs Taylor said the NSW Government is working on a amoxil amoxil online canadian pharmacy recovery roadmap, under which councils and local communities will play an integral part."Councils have a big role to play as we navigate our path out of this amoxil, with the community right at the centre of the recovery," Mrs Taylor said."The NSW Government has invested in community-led suicide prevention activity including local drop-in centres, response groups and community based services."Local staff are doing an incredible job confronting challenges head-on every day, so it is really important that they are equipped with the tools to, not only support the community but also to be able to recognise when they might need to put their hand up for help themselves."This is all about challenging the stigma around with mental illness, encouraging help seeking behaviour and creating connected communities full of healthy, resilient individuals."The NSW Government has relaunched its Mentally Healthy Workplaces Strategy in response to the significant shift in the way we work due to buy antibiotics.

It aims to help employers move from a model of only prioritising mental health at work following an incident, to offering targeted and proactive support to their employees throughout the year.Extensive mental health resources including self-help and online counselling support can be accessed on the Commonwealth Government's Head to Health website If you or somebody you know needs help, call Lifeline on 13 11 14, Beyond Blue on 1800 512 348 or the NSW Mental Health Line on 1800 011 511..

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Washington, dc – A mother low cost amoxil of two struggles to budget for child care expenses on an hourly income of $11.50 online pharmacy amoxil as a call center worker with a federal contractor. A construction company owner learns they’ve lost another federal contract because a competitor was able to underbid the job by not paying livable wages. Socially conscious investors want to maximize their savings and do the planet some good, but are frustrated by the investment options available to do that.As part of the Biden-Harris administration’s Spring 2021 regulatory agenda – published today as required by Executive low cost amoxil Order 12866 – the U.S.

Department of Labor is announcing a series of anticipated regulatory actions to ensure the well-being of these workers, employers and others. The order requires the publication of an agenda of regulations that contains a listing of all the regulations the Department of Labor expects to have under active consideration for promulgation, proposal or review during the coming one-year period. The department’s portions of the agenda published today include actions to implement the Biden-Harris Administration’s priorities in the areas of economic relief, wages, climate change and racial low cost amoxil equity.

It also includes proposals to withdraw the obstacles to protecting and strengthening workers’ economic security and civil rights that the prior administration put in place. Regulatory protections include. Increasing the Minimum Wage for Federal Contractors low cost amoxil.

In response to Executive Order 14026, “Increasing the Minimum Wage for Federal Contractors,” the department’s Wage and Hour Division is drafting regulations that will increase the hourly minimum wage rate paid by parties that contract with the federal government to $15 for those employees working on or in connection with a covered federal government contract. Fairness for Workers Who Rely on Tips. The Wage and Hour Division is also engaged in rulemaking to address the economic security of low cost amoxil tipped workers.

Modernizing the Davis-Bacon and Related Acts Regulations. The DBRA requires the payment of locally prevailing wages and fringe benefits to laborers and mechanics as determined by the department. The Wage and Hour Division is proposing to update and modernize the regulations implementing the DBRA to provide ensure workers are truly paid prevailing low cost amoxil wages on federal construction contracts.

Re-examining our approach to investments that tackle climate change. To implement Executive Order 13990, “Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis,” and Executive Order 14030, “Climate-Related Financial Risks,” the Employee Benefits Security Administration is undertaking a review of regulations under Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, including “Financial Factors in Selecting Plan Investments” and “Fiduciary Duties Regarding Proxy Voting and Shareholder Rights.” Prior rulemakings are also being proposed for withdrawal because of their deleterious effects on the lives low cost amoxil of working people, including a rule on labor standards in apprenticeship. The entirety of the department’s semiannual agenda is available online at www.reginfo.gov.WASHINGTON, DC – The U.S.

Department of Labor has announced the award of $89 million in grants in 31 states and Puerto Rico to help youth ages 16-24 who are neither enrolled in school nor participating in the labor market to obtain employment in construction and other in-demand industries.Administered by the department’s Employment and Training Administration, YouthBuild grants support a pre-apprenticeship model to help these young people learn valuable occupational skills. They will split their time between workplace low cost amoxil training and the classroom, where they earn their high school diploma or equivalency degree and prepare for postsecondary opportunities. “YouthBuild meets young people where they live, and wherever they are on their path to educational attainment and career success,” said Principal Assistant Secretary of Labor for Employment and Training Suzi LeVine.

€œEven as these grants are awarded, the Employment and Training Administration is working on the next YouthBuild funding opportunity, always with an eye to equity and inclusion in terms of the communities involved, and the individual participants served.” In total, ETA has awarded 68 grants – ranging from $700,000 to $1.5 million each – to organizations that deliver training and employment in several in-demand industries, including construction, where youth put their classroom learning to use in building or rehabilitating affordable housing for low-income or homeless families in their neighborhoods. They will also be prepared for employment in other in-demand industries such as low cost amoxil healthcare, information technology, manufacturing and logistics, culinary arts and hospitality. Learn more about the department’s YouthBuild program and eligibility for grants and how to apply.

The department has awarded YouthBuild grants to the following recipients. Grant Recipient City State Amount Livermore low cost amoxil Valley Joint Unified School District Livermore CA $1,500,000 Los Angeles Conservation Corps Los Angeles CA $1,499,981 Playa Vista Job Opportunities and Business Services Los Angeles CA $1,500,000 Riverside County Office of Education Riverside CA $1,277,997 Provisional Educational Services Inc. San Bernardino CA $1,361,848 Centers for Equity and Success Inc.

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Houma LA $1,120,252 Northshore Technical Community College Lacombe LA $1,044,681 Just-A-Start Corp. Cambridge MA $1,100,000 North Shore Community Development Coalition Inc. Salem MA $1,254,669 New North Citizens’ Council Inc.

Springfield MA $1,500,000 Civic Works Inc. Baltimore MD $1,099,999 Berrien-Cass-Van Buren Workforce Development Board Inc. Benton Harbor MI $1,200,000 YouthDevelopment Corp.

Flint USA Saginaw MI $1,500,000 Tree Trust Saint Paul MN $1,500,000 Job Point Columbia MO $1,222,000 St. Louis Agency on Training and Employment Saint Louis MO $1,100,000 River City Community Development Corp. Elizabeth City NC $1,368,000 Central Carolina Community College Sanford NC $1,499,655 Isles Inc.

Trenton NJ $771,800 YouthWorks Santa Fe NM $1,295,819 Chicanos Por La Causa Nevada Inc. North Las Vegas NV $1,346,273 The HOPE Program Inc. Brooklyn NY $1,499,999 Rural Ulster Preservation Company Inc.

Kingston NY $1,000,000 Social Enterprise and Training Center Inc. Schenectady NY $1,500,000 Central Family Life Center Inc. Staten Island NY $1,258,127 Project REBUILD Inc.

Canton OH $1,237,777 YouthBuild Columbus Community School Columbus OH $1,500,000 Youth Over Us Inc. Columbus OH $1,500,000 County Corp Dayton OH $1,500,000 Sojourners Care Network McArthur OH $1,189,840 Heart of Oregon Corps Inc. Bend OR $1,500,000 Community Development Support Association Inc.

Enid OK $1,080,000 Garfield Jubilee Association Inc. Pittsburgh PA $1,098,520 Connection Training Services Philadelphia PA $1,500,000 Opportunities Industrialization Center Philadelphia PA $1,357,803 PathStone Corp. Puerto Rico PR $1,197,000 YouthBuild Preparatory Academy Providence RI $1,500,000 Goodwill Industries of Upstate/Midlands South Carolina Inc.

Greenville SC $764,409 Knoxville Leadership Foundation Knoxville TN $1,500,000 YouthDevelopment Corp. Memphis USA Memphis TN $1,500,000 American YouthWorks Austin TX $1,499,714 Community Development Corp. Of Brownsville Brownsville TX $921,217 SER-Jobs for Progress of the Texas Gulf Coast Inc.

Houston TX $1,500,000 Pettus Independent School District Pettus TX $1,499,962 Ogden-Weber Technical College Ogden UT $1,295,890 New River-Mount Rogers Workforce Investment Area Consortium Radford VA $1,500,000 Goodwill Industries of the Valleys Roanoke VA $1,199,000 Employ Milwaukee Inc. Milwaukee WI $1,500,000.

Washington, dc – A mother of two struggles to budget for child care expenses on an hourly income of $11.50 amoxil online canadian pharmacy as a call center worker with a federal contractor. A construction company owner learns they’ve lost another federal contract because a competitor was able to underbid the job by not paying livable wages. Socially conscious investors want to maximize their savings and do the planet some good, but are frustrated by the investment options available to do that.As part of the Biden-Harris administration’s Spring 2021 regulatory agenda – published today as required by Executive Order 12866 – amoxil online canadian pharmacy the U.S. Department of Labor is announcing a series of anticipated regulatory actions to ensure the well-being of these workers, employers and others.

The order requires the publication of an agenda of regulations that contains a listing of all the regulations the Department of Labor expects to have under active consideration for promulgation, proposal or review during the coming one-year period. The department’s portions of the agenda published today include actions to implement the Biden-Harris Administration’s priorities in the areas of economic relief, wages, climate change and racial amoxil online canadian pharmacy equity. It also includes proposals to withdraw the obstacles to protecting and strengthening workers’ economic security and civil rights that the prior administration put in place. Regulatory protections include.

Increasing amoxil online canadian pharmacy the Minimum Wage for Federal Contractors. In response to Executive Order 14026, “Increasing the Minimum Wage for Federal Contractors,” the department’s Wage and Hour Division is drafting regulations that will increase the hourly minimum wage rate paid by parties that contract with the federal government to $15 for those employees working on or in connection with a covered federal government contract. Fairness for Workers Who Rely on Tips. The Wage and Hour Division is also engaged in rulemaking to address amoxil online canadian pharmacy the economic security of tipped workers.

Modernizing the Davis-Bacon and Related Acts Regulations. The DBRA requires the payment of locally prevailing wages and fringe benefits to laborers and mechanics as determined by the department. The Wage and Hour Division is proposing to update and modernize the regulations implementing the DBRA amoxil online canadian pharmacy to provide ensure workers are truly paid prevailing wages on federal construction contracts. Re-examining our approach to investments that tackle climate change.

To implement Executive Order 13990, “Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis,” and Executive Order 14030, “Climate-Related Financial Risks,” the Employee Benefits Security Administration is undertaking a review of regulations under Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, including “Financial Factors in Selecting Plan Investments” and “Fiduciary Duties Regarding Proxy Voting and Shareholder Rights.” Prior rulemakings are also being proposed for amoxil online canadian pharmacy withdrawal because of their deleterious effects on the lives of working people, including a rule on labor standards in apprenticeship. The entirety of the department’s semiannual agenda is available online at www.reginfo.gov.WASHINGTON, DC – The U.S. Department of Labor has announced the award of $89 million in grants in 31 states and Puerto Rico to help youth ages 16-24 who are neither enrolled in school nor participating in the labor market to obtain employment in construction and other in-demand industries.Administered by the department’s Employment and Training Administration, YouthBuild grants support a pre-apprenticeship model to help these young people learn valuable occupational skills. They will split their time between workplace training and the classroom, where they earn their high school diploma or amoxil online canadian pharmacy equivalency degree and prepare for postsecondary opportunities.

“YouthBuild meets young people where they live, and wherever they are on their path to educational attainment and career success,” said Principal Assistant Secretary of Labor for Employment and Training Suzi LeVine. €œEven as these grants are awarded, the Employment and Training Administration is working on the next YouthBuild funding opportunity, always with an eye to equity and inclusion in terms of the communities involved, and the individual participants served.” In total, ETA has awarded 68 grants – ranging from $700,000 to $1.5 million each – to organizations that deliver training and employment in several in-demand industries, including construction, where youth put their classroom learning to use in building or rehabilitating affordable housing for low-income or homeless families in their neighborhoods. They will also be prepared for amoxil online canadian pharmacy employment in other in-demand industries such as healthcare, information technology, manufacturing and logistics, culinary arts and hospitality. Learn more about the department’s YouthBuild program and eligibility for grants and how to apply.

The department has awarded YouthBuild grants to the following recipients. Grant Recipient City State Amount Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District Livermore CA $1,500,000 Los Angeles Conservation Corps amoxil online canadian pharmacy Los Angeles CA $1,499,981 Playa Vista Job Opportunities and Business Services Los Angeles CA $1,500,000 Riverside County Office of Education Riverside CA $1,277,997 Provisional Educational Services Inc. San Bernardino CA $1,361,848 Centers for Equity and Success Inc. San Francisco CA $996,600 The WorkPlace Bridgeport CT $1,292,935 Indian River State College Fort Pierce FL $1,399,999 Florida Institute for Workforce Innovation Inc.

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Decatur IL $1,299,368 Lewis and Clark Community College Godfrey IL $1,100,523 YouthBuild McLean County Inc. Normal amoxil online canadian pharmacy IL $1,500,000 Housing Authority of the City of Evansville Evansville IN $900,000 Local Workforce Investment Area III Inc. Lenexa KS $1,244,907 AMIkids Baton Rouge Inc. Baton Rouge LA $1,500,000 Start Corp.

Houma LA $1,120,252 Northshore Technical Community College Lacombe LA $1,044,681 Just-A-Start amoxil online canadian pharmacy Corp. Cambridge MA $1,100,000 North Shore Community Development Coalition Inc. Salem MA $1,254,669 New North Citizens’ Council Inc. Springfield amoxil online canadian pharmacy MA $1,500,000 Civic Works Inc.

Baltimore MD $1,099,999 Berrien-Cass-Van Buren Workforce Development Board Inc. Benton Harbor MI $1,200,000 YouthDevelopment Corp. Flint USA Saginaw MI $1,500,000 Tree Trust Saint Paul MN $1,500,000 Job Point Columbia MO $1,222,000 St. Louis Agency on Training and Employment Saint Louis MO $1,100,000 River City Community Development Corp.

Elizabeth City NC $1,368,000 Central Carolina Community College Sanford NC $1,499,655 Isles Inc. Trenton NJ $771,800 YouthWorks Santa Fe NM $1,295,819 Chicanos Por La Causa Nevada Inc. North Las Vegas NV $1,346,273 The HOPE Program Inc. Brooklyn NY $1,499,999 Rural Ulster Preservation Company Inc.

Kingston NY $1,000,000 Social Enterprise and Training Center Inc. Schenectady NY $1,500,000 Central Family Life Center Inc. Staten Island NY $1,258,127 Project REBUILD Inc. Canton OH $1,237,777 YouthBuild Columbus Community School Columbus OH $1,500,000 Youth Over Us Inc.

Columbus OH $1,500,000 County Corp Dayton OH $1,500,000 Sojourners Care Network McArthur OH $1,189,840 Heart of Oregon Corps Inc. Bend OR $1,500,000 Community Development Support Association Inc. Enid OK $1,080,000 Garfield Jubilee Association Inc. Pittsburgh PA $1,098,520 Connection Training Services Philadelphia PA $1,500,000 Opportunities Industrialization Center Philadelphia PA $1,357,803 PathStone Corp.

Puerto Rico PR $1,197,000 YouthBuild Preparatory Academy Providence RI $1,500,000 Goodwill Industries of Upstate/Midlands South Carolina Inc. Greenville SC $764,409 Knoxville Leadership Foundation Knoxville TN $1,500,000 YouthDevelopment Corp. Memphis USA Memphis TN $1,500,000 American YouthWorks Austin TX $1,499,714 Community Development Corp. Of Brownsville Brownsville TX $921,217 SER-Jobs for Progress of the Texas Gulf Coast Inc.

Houston TX $1,500,000 Pettus Independent School District Pettus TX $1,499,962 Ogden-Weber Technical College Ogden UT $1,295,890 New River-Mount Rogers Workforce Investment Area Consortium Radford VA $1,500,000 Goodwill Industries of the Valleys Roanoke VA $1,199,000 Employ Milwaukee Inc. Milwaukee WI $1,500,000.

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How to cite best online amoxil this article:Singh OP. Mental health in diverse India. Need for advocacy best online amoxil.

Indian J Psychiatry 2021;63:315-6”Unity in diversity” - That is the theme of India which we are quite proud of. We have diversity in terms best online amoxil of geography – From the Himalayas to the deserts to the seas. Every region has its own distinct culture and food.

There are so many varieties of dress and language. There is huge difference between the states in terms of best online amoxil development, attitude toward women, health infrastructure, child mortality, and other sociodemographic development indexes. There is now ample evidence that sociocultural factors influence mental health.

Compton and Shim[1] have described in their model of gene environment interaction best online amoxil how public policies and social norms act on the distribution of opportunity leading to social inequality, exclusion, poor environment, discrimination, and unemployment. This in turn leads to reduced options, poor choices, and high-risk behavior. Combining genetic vulnerability and early brain insult with low access to health care leads to poor mental health, disease, and morbidity.When we come best online amoxil to the field of mental health, we find huge differences between different states of India.

The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was markedly different while it was 5.8 and 5.1 for Assam and Uttar Pradesh at the lower end of the spectrum, it was 13.9 and 14.1 for Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra at the higher end of the spectrum. There was also a huge difference between the rural areas and metros, particularly in terms of psychosis and bipolar disorders.[2] The difference was distinct not only in the prevalence but also in the type of psychiatric disorders. While the more developed best online amoxil southern states had higher prevalence of adult-onset disorders such as depression and anxiety, the less developed northern states had more of childhood onset disorders.

This may be due to lead toxicity, nutritional status, and perinatal issues. Higher rates of depression best online amoxil and anxiety were found in females. Apart from the genetic and hormonal factors, increase was attributed to gender discrimination, violence, sexual abuse, and adverse sociocultural norms.

Marriage was found to be a negative prognostic indicator contrary to the western norms.[3]Cultural influences best online amoxil on the presentation of psychiatric disorders are apparent. Being in recessive position in the family is one of the strongest predictors of psychiatric illnesses and psychosomatic disorders. The presentation of depressive and anxiety disorders with more somatic symptoms results from inability to express due to unequal power equation in the family rather than the lack of expressions.

Apart from culture bound best online amoxil syndromes, the role of cultural idioms of distress in manifestations of psychiatric symptoms is well acknowledged.When we look into suicide data, suicide in lower socioeconomic strata (annual income <1 lakh) was 92,083, in annual income group of 1–5 lakhs, it was 41,197, and in higher income group, it was 4726. Among those who committed suicide, 67% were young adults, 34% had family problems, 23.4% of suicides occurred in daily laborers, 10.1% in unemployed persons, and 7.4% in farmers.[4]While there are huge regional differences in mental health issues, the challenges in mental health in India remain stigma reduction, conducting research on efficacy of early intervention, reaching the unreached, gender sensitive services, making quality mental healthcare accessible and available, suicide prevention, reduction of substance abuse, implementing insurance for mental health and reducing out-of-pocket expense, and finally, improving care for homeless mentally ill. All these require sustained advocacy aimed best online amoxil at promoting rights of mentally ill persons and reducing stigma and discriminations.

It consists of various actions aimed at changing the attitudinal barriers in achieving positive mental health outcomes in the general population. Psychiatrists as Mental Health Advocates There is a debate whether psychiatrists who are overburdened with clinical care could or should be involved in the advocacy activities which require skills in other areas, and sometimes, they find themselves at the receiving end of mental health advocates. We must best online amoxil be involved and pathways should be to build technical evidence for mapping out the problem, cost-effective interventions, and their efficacy.Advocacy can be done at institutional level, organizational level, and individual level.

There has been huge work done in this regard at institution level. Important research work done in this regard includes the National Mental Health Survey, National Survey on Extent best online amoxil and Pattern of Substance Use in India, Global Burden of Diseases in Indian States, and Trajectory of Brain Development. Other activities include improving the infrastructure of mental hospitals, telepsychiatry services, provision of free drugs, providing training to increase the number of service providers.

Similarly, at organizational level, the Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS) has filed a case for lacunae in Mental Health-care Act, best online amoxil 2017. Another case filed by the IPS lead to change of name of the film from “Mental Hai Kya” to “Judgemental Hai Kya.” In LGBT issue, the IPS statement was quoted in the final judgement on the decriminalization of homosexuality. The IPS has also started helplines at different levels and media interactions.

The Indian Journal of Psychiatry has also come out with editorials highlighting the need of best online amoxil care of marginalized population such as migrant laborers and persons with dementia. At an individual level, we can be involved in ensuring quality treatment, respecting dignity and rights of the patient, sensitization of staff, working with patients and caregivers to plan services, and being involved locally in media and public awareness activities.The recent experience of Brazil is an eye opener where suicide reduction resulted from direct cash transfer pointing at the role of economic decision in suicide.[5] In India where economic inequality is increasing, male-to-female ratio is abysmal in some states (877 in Haryana to 1034 in Kerala), our actions should be sensitive to this regional variation. When the enemy is economic inequality, our weapon is research highlighting the role of these factors on mental best online amoxil health.

References 1.Compton MT, Shim RS. The social determinants of mental health best online amoxil. Focus 2015;13:419-25.

2.Gururaj G, Varghese M, Benegal V, Rao GN, Pathak K, Singh LK, et al. National Mental best online amoxil Health Survey of India, 2015-16. Prevalence, Patterns and Outcomes.

Bengaluru. National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, NIMHANS Publication No. 129.

2016. 3.Sagar R, Dandona R, Gururaj G, Dhaliwal RS, Singh A, Ferrari A, et al. The burden of mental disorders across the states of India.

The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2017. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7:148-61. 4.National Crime Records Bureau, 2019.

Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India. 2019. Available from.

Https://ncrb.gov.in. [Last accessed on 2021 Jun 24]. 5.Machado DB, Rasella D, dos Santos DN.

Impact of income inequality and other social determinants on suicide rate in Brazil. PLoS One 2015;10:e0124934. Correspondence Address:Om Prakash SinghDepartment of Psychiatry, WBMES, Kolkata, West Bengal.

AMRI Hospitals, Kolkata, West Bengal IndiaSource of Support. None, Conflict of Interest. NoneDOI.

10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_635_21Abstract Sexual health, an essential component of individual's health, is influenced by many complex issues including sexual behavior, attitudes, societal, and cultural factors on the one hand and while on the other hand, biological aspects, genetic predisposition, and associated mental and physical illnesses. Sexual health is a neglected area, even though it influences mortality, morbidity, and disability. Dhat syndrome (DS), the term coined by Dr.

N. N. Wig, has been at the forefront of advancements in understanding and misunderstanding.

The concept of DS is still evolving being treated as a culture-bound syndrome in the past to a syndrome of depression and treated as “a culturally determined idiom of distress.” It is bound with myths, fallacies, prejudices, secrecy, exaggeration, and value-laden judgments. Although it has been reported from many countries, much of the literature has emanated from Asia, that too mainly from India. The research in India has ranged from the study of a few cases in the past to recent national multicentric studies concerning phenomenology and beliefs of patients.

The epidemiological studies have ranged from being hospital-based to population-based studies in rural and urban settings. There are studies on the management of individual cases by resolving sexual myths, relaxation exercises, supportive psychotherapy, anxiolytics, and antidepressants to broader and deeper research concerning cognitive behavior therapy. The presentation looks into DS as a model case highlighting the importance of exploring sexual health concerns in the Indian population in general and in particular need to reconsider DS in the light of the newly available literature.

It makes a fervent appeal for the inclusion of DS in the mainstream diagnostic categories in the upcoming revisions of the diagnostic manuals which can pave the way for a better understanding and management of DS and sexual problems.Keywords. Culture-bound syndrome, Dhat syndrome, Dhat syndrome management, Dhat syndrome prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, sexual disordersHow to cite this article:Sathyanarayana Rao T S. History and mystery of Dhat syndrome.

A critical look at the current understanding and future directions. Indian J Psychiatry 2021;63:317-25 Introduction Mr. President, Chairpersons, my respected teachers and seniors, my professional colleagues and friends, ladies and gentlemen:I deem it a proud privilege and pleasure to receive and to deliver DLN Murti Rao Oration Award for 2020.

I am humbled at this great honor and remain grateful to the Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS) in general and the awards committee in particular. I would like to begin my presentation with my homage to Professor DLN Murti Rao, who was a Doyen of Psychiatry.[1] I have a special connection to the name as Dr. Doddaballapura Laxmi Narasimha Murti Rao, apart from a family name, obtained his medical degree from Mysore Medical College, Mysuru, India, the same city where I have served last 33 years in JSS Medical College and JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research.

His name carries the reverence in the corridors of the current National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) at Bangalore which was All India Institute of Mental Health, when he served as Head and the Medical Superintendent. Another coincidence was his untimely demise in 1962, the same year another Doyen Dr. Wig[2],[3] published the article on a common but peculiar syndrome in the Indian context and gave the name Dhat syndrome (DS).

Even though Dr. Wig is no more, his legacy of profound contribution to psychiatry and psychiatric education in general and service to the society and Mental Health, in particular, is well documented. His keen observation and study culminated in synthesizing many aspects and developments in DS.I would also like to place on record my humble pranams to my teachers from Christian Medical College, Vellore – Dr.

Abraham Varghese, the first Editor of the Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine and Dr. K. Kuruvilla, Past Editor of Indian Journal of Psychiatry whose legacies I carried forward for both the journals.

I must place on record that my journey in the field of Sexual Medicine was sown by Dr. K. Kuruvilla and subsequent influence of Dr.

Ajit Avasthi from Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research from Chandigarh as my role model in the field. There are many more who have shaped and nurtured my interest in the field of sex and sexuality.The term “Dhat” was taken from the Sanskrit language, which is an important word “Dhatu” and has known several meanings such as “metal,” a “medicinal constituent,” which can be considered as most powerful material within the human body.[4] The Dhat disorder is mainly known for “loss of semen”, and the DS is a well-known “culture-bound syndrome (CBS).”[4] The DS leads to several psychosexual disorders such as physical weakness, tiredness, anxiety, appetite loss, and guilt related to the loss of semen through nocturnal emission, in urine and by masturbation as mentioned in many studies.[4],[5],[6] Conventionally, Charaka Samhita mentions “waste of bodily humors” being linked to the “loss of Dhatus.”[5] Semen has even been mentioned by Aristotle as a “soul substance” and weakness associated with its loss.[6] This has led to a plethora of beliefs about “food-blood-semen” relationship where the loss of semen is considered to reduce vitality, potency, and psychophysiological strength. People have variously attributed DS to excessive masturbation, premarital sex, promiscuity, and nocturnal emissions.

Several past studies have emphasized that CBS leads to “anxiety for loss of semen” is not only prevalent in the Indian subcontinent but also a global phenomenon.[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20]It is important to note that DS manifestation and the psychosexual features are based on the impact of culture, demographic profiles, and the socioeconomic status of the patients.[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20] According to Leff,[21] culture depends upon norms, values, and myths, based on a specific area, and is also shared by the indigenous individuals of that area. Tiwari et al.[22] mentioned in their study that “culture is closely associated with mental disorders through social and psychological activities.” With this background, the paper attempts to highlight the multidimensional construct of DS for a better clinical understanding in routine practice. Dhat Syndrome.

A Separate Entity or a “Cultural Variant” of Depression Even though DS has been studied for years now, a consensus on the definition is yet to be achieved. It has mostly been conceptualized as a multidimensional psychosomatic entity consisting of anxiety, depressive, somatic, and sexual phenomenology. Most importantly, abnormal and erroneous attributions are considered to be responsible for the genesis of DS.

The most important debate is, however, related to the nosological status of DS. Although considered to a CBS unique to India, it has also been increasingly reported in China, Europe, Japan, Malaysia, Russia, and America.[11] The consistency and validity of its diagnosis have been consistently debated, and one of the most vital questions that emerged was. Can there be another way to conceptualize DS?.

There is no single answer to that question. Apart from an independent entity, the diagnostic validity of which has been limited in longitudinal studies,[23] it has also been a cultural variant of depressive and somatization disorders. Mumford[11] in his study of Asian patients with DS found a significant association with depressed mood, anxiety, and fatigue.

Around the same time, another study by Chadha[24] reported comorbidities in DS at a rate of 50%, 32%, and 18% related to depression, somatoform disorders, and anxiety, respectively. Depression continued to be reported as the most common association of DS in many studies.[25],[26] This “cause-effect” dilemma can never be fully resolved. Whether “loss of semen” and the cultural attributions to it leads to the affective symptoms or whether low mood and neuroticism can lead to DS in appropriate cultural context are two sides of the argument.

However, the cognitive biases resulting in the attributional errors of DS and the subsequently maintained attitudes with relation to sexuality can be explained by the depressive cognitions and concepts of learned helplessness. Balhara[27] has argued that since DS is not really culture specific as thought of earlier, it should not be solely categorized as a functional somatic syndrome, as that can have detrimental effects on its understanding and management. He also mentions that the underlying “emotional distress and cultural contexts” are not unique to DS but can be related to any psychiatric syndrome for that matter.

On the contrary, other researchers have warned that subsuming DS and other CBS under the broader rubric of “mood disorders” can lead to neglect and reductionism in disorder like DS that can have unique cultural connotations.[28] Over the years, there have been multiple propositions to relook and relabel CBS like DS. Considering it as a variant of depression or somatization can make it a “cultural phenotype” of these disorders in certain regions, thus making it easier for the classificatory systems. This dichotomous debate seems never-ending, but clinically, it is always better to err on over-diagnosing and over-treating depression and anxiety in DS, which can improve the well-being of the distressed patients.

Why Discuss Dhat Syndrome. Implications in Clinical Practice DS might occur independently or associated with multiple comorbidities. It has been a widely recognized clinical condition in various parts of the world, though considered specific to the Indian subcontinent.

The presentation can often be polymorphic with symptom clusters of affective, somatic, behavioral, and cognitive manifestations.[29] Being common in rural areas, the first contacts of the patients are frequently traditional faith healers and less often, the general practitioners. A psychiatric referral occurs much later, if at all. This leads to underdetection and faulty treatments, which can strengthen the already existing misattributions and misinformation responsible for maintaining the disorder.

Furthermore, depression and sexual dysfunction can be the important comorbidities that if untreated, lead to significant psychosocial dysfunction and impaired quality of life.[30] Besides many patients of DS believe that their symptoms are due to failure of interpersonal relationships, s, and heredity, which might cause early death and infertility. This contributes to the vicious cycle of fear and panic.[31] Doctor shopping is another challenge and failure to detect and address the concern of DS might lead to dropping out from the care.[15] Rao[17] in their epidemiological study reported 12.5% prevalence in the general population, with 20.5% and 50% suffering from comorbid depression and sexual disorders. The authors stressed upon the importance of early detection of DS for the psychosexual and social well-being.

Most importantly, the multidimensional presentation of DS can at certain times be a facade overshadowing underlying neurotic disorders (anxiety, depression, somatoform, hypochondriasis, and phobias), obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders and body dysmorphic disorders, delusional disorders, sexual disorders (premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction) and infectious disorders (urinary tract s, sexually transmitted diseases), and even stress-related manifestations in otherwise healthy individuals.[4],[14],[15] This significant overlap of symptomatology, increased prevalence, and marked comorbidity make it all the more important for physicians to make sense out of the construct of DS. That can facilitate prompt detection and management of DS in routine clinical practice.In an earlier review study, it was observed that few studies are undertaken to update the research works from published articles as an updated review, systemic review, world literature review, etc., on DS and its management approach.[29],[32],[33],[34],[35] The present paper attempts to compile the evidence till date on DS related to its nosology, critique, manifestations, and management plan. The various empirical studies on DS all over the world will be briefly discussed along with the implications and importance of the syndrome.

The Construct of Dhat Syndrome. Summary of Current Evidence DS is a well-known CBS, which is defined as undue concern about the weakening effects after the passage of semen in urine or through nocturnal emission that has been stated by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10).[36] It is also known as “semen loss syndrome” by Shakya,[20] which is prevalent mainly in the Indian subcontinent[37] and has also been reported in the South-Eastern and western population.[15],[16],[20],[32],[38],[39],[40],[41] Individuals with “semen loss anxiety” suffer from a myriad of psychosexual symptoms, which have been attributed to “loss of vital essence through semen” (common in South Asia).[7],[15],[16],[17],[32],[37],[41],[42],[43] The various studies related to attributes of DS and their findings are summarized further.Prakash et al.[5] studied 100 DS patients through 139 symptoms of the Associated Symptoms Scale. They studied sociodemographic profile, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and Postgraduate Institute Neuroticism Scale.

The study found a wide range of physical, anxiety, depression, sexual, and cognitive symptoms. Most commonly associated symptoms were found as per score ≥1. This study reported several parameters such as the “sense of being unhealthy” (99%), worry (99%), feeling “no improvement despite treatment” (97%), tension (97%), tiredness (95%), fatigue (95%), weakness (95%), and anxiety (95%).

The common sexual disorders were observed as loss of masculinity (83%), erectile dysfunction (54%), and premature ejaculation (53%). Majority of patients had faced mild or moderate level of symptoms in which 47% of the patients reported severe weakness. Overall distress and dysfunction were observed as 64% and 81% in the studied subjects, respectively.A study in Taiwan involved 87 participants from a Urology clinic.

Most of them have sexual neurosis (Shen-K'uei syndrome).[7] More than one-third of the patients belonged to lower social class and symptoms of depression, somatization, anxiety, masturbation, and nocturnal emissions. Other bodily complaints as reported were sleep disturbances, fatigue, dizziness, backache, and weakness. Nearly 80% of them considered that all of their problems were due to masturbatory practices.De Silva and Dissanayake[8] investigated several manifestations on semen loss syndrome in the psychiatric clinic of Colombo General Hospital, Sri Lanka.

Beliefs regarding effects of semen loss and help-seeking sought for DS were explored. 38 patients were studied after psychiatrically ill individuals and those with organic disorders were excluded. Duration of semen loss varied from 1 to 20 years.

Every participant reported excessive loss of semen and was preoccupied with it. The common forms of semen loss were through nocturnal emission, masturbation, urinary loss, and through sexual activities. Most of them reported multiple modes of semen loss.

Masturbatory frequency and that of nocturnal emissions varied significantly. More than half of the patients reported all types of complaints (psychological, sexual, somatic, and genital).In the study by Chadda and Ahuja,[9] 52 psychiatric patients (mostly adolescents and young adults) complained of passing “Dhat” in urine. They were assessed for a period of 6 months.

More than 80% of them complained of body weakness, aches, and pains. More than 50% of the patients suffered from depression and anxiety. All the participants felt that their symptoms were due to loss of “dhat” in urine, attributed to excessive masturbation, extramarital and premarital sex.

Half of those who faced sexual dysfunctions attributed them to semen loss.Mumford[11] proposed a controversial explanation of DS arguing that it might be a part of other psychiatric disorders, like depression. A total of 1000 literate patients were recruited from a medical outdoor in a public sector hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. About 600 educated patients were included as per Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI).

Men with DS reported greater symptoms on BSI than those without DS. 60 psychiatric patients were also recruited from the same hospital and diagnosed using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III-R. Among them, 33% of the patients qualified for “Dhat” items on BSI.

The symptoms persisted for more than 15 days. It was observed that symptoms of DS highly correlated with BSI items, namely erectile dysfunction, burning sensation during urination, fatigue, energy loss, and weakness. This comparative study indicated that patients with DS suffered more from depressive disorders than without DS and the age group affected by DS was mostly the young.Grover et al.[15] conducted a study on 780 male patients aged >16 years in five centers (Chandigarh, Jaipur, Faridkot, Mewat, and New Delhi) of Northern India, 4 centers (2 from Kolkata, 1 each in Kalyani and Bhubaneswar) of Eastern India, 2 centers (Agra and Lucknow) of Central India, 2 centers (Ahmedabad and Wardha) of Western India, and 2 centers of Southern India (both located at Mysore) spread across the country by using DS questionnaire.

Nearly one-third of the patients were passing “Dhat” multiple times a week. Among them, nearly 60% passed almost a spoonful of “Dhat” each time during a loss. This work on sexual disorders reported that the passage of “Dhat” was mostly attributed to masturbation (55.1%), dreams on sex (47.3%), sexual desire (42.8%), and high energy foods consumption (36.7%).

Mostly, the participants experienced passage of Dhat as “night falls” (60.1%) and “while passing stools” (59.5%). About 75.6% showed weakness in sexual ability as a common consequence of the “loss of Dhat.” The associated symptoms were depression, hopelessness, feeling low, decreased energy levels, weakness, and lack of pleasure. Erectile problems and premature ejaculation were also present.Rao[17] in his first epidemiological study done in Karnataka, India, showed the prevalence rate of DS in general male population as 12.5%.

It was found that 57.5% were suffering either from comorbid depression or anxiety disorders. The prevalence of psychiatric and sexual disorders was about three times higher with DS compared to non-DS subjects. One-third of the cases (32.8%) had no comorbidity in hospital (urban).

One-fifth (20.5%) and 50% subjects (51.3%) had comorbid depressive disorders and sexual dysfunction. The psychosexual symptoms were found among 113 patients who had DS. The most common psychological symptoms reported by the subjects with DS were low self-esteem (100%), loss of interest in any activity (95.60%), feeling of guilt (92.00%), and decreased social interaction (90.30%).

In case of sexual disorders, beliefs were held commonly about testes becoming smaller (92.00%), thinness of semen (86.70%), decreased sexual capabilities (83.20%), and tilting of penis (70.80%).Shakya[20] studied a clinicodemographic profile of DS patients in psychiatry outpatient clinic of B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.

A total of 50 subjects were included in this study, and the psychiatric diagnoses as well as comorbidities were investigated as per the ICD-10 criteria. Among the subjects, most of the cases had symptoms of depression and anxiety, and all the subjects were worried about semen loss. Somehow these subjects had heard or read that semen loss or masturbation is unhealthy practice.

The view of participants was that semen is very “precious,” needs preservation, and masturbation is a malpractice. Beside DS, two-thirds of the subjects had comorbid depression.In another Indian study, Chadda et al.[24] compared patients with DS with those affected with neurotic/depressive disorders. Among 100 patients, 50%, 32%, and 18% reported depression, somatic problems, and anxiety, respectively.

The authors argued that cases of DS have similar symptom dimensions as mood and anxiety disorders.Dhikav et al.[31] examined prevalence and management depression comorbid with DS. DSM-IV and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were used for assessments. About 66% of the patients met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of depression.

They concluded that depression was a frequent comorbidity in DS patients.In a study by Perme et al.[37] from South India that included 32 DS patients, the control group consisted of 33 people from the same clinic without DS, depression, and anxiety. The researchers followed the guidelines of Bhatia and Malik's for the assessment of primary complaints of semen loss through “nocturnal emissions, masturbation, sexual intercourse, and passing of semen before and after urine.” The assessment was done based on several indices, namely “Somatization Screening Index, Illness Behavior Questionnaire, Somatosensory Amplification Scale, Whitley Index, and Revised Chalder Fatigue Scale.” Several complaints such as somatic complaints, hypochondriacal beliefs, and fatigue were observed to be significantly higher among patients with DS compared to the control group.A study conducted in South Hall (an industrial area in the borough of Middlesex, London) included Indian and Pakistani immigrants. Young men living separately from their wives reported promiscuity, some being infected with gonorrhea and syphilis.

Like other studies, nocturnal emission, weakness, and impotency were the other reported complaints. Semen was considered to be responsible for strength and vigor by most patients. Compared to the sexual problems of Indians, the British residents complained of pelvic issues and backache.In another work, Bhatia et al.[42] undertook a study on culture-bound syndromes and reported that 76.7% of the sample had DS followed by possession syndrome and Koro (a genital-related anxiety among males in South-East Asia).

Priyadarshi and Verma[43] performed a study in Urology Department of S M S Hospital, Jaipur, India. They conducted the study among 110 male patients who complained of DS and majority of them were living alone (54.5%) or in nuclear family (30%) as compared to joint family. Furthermore, 60% of them reported of never having experienced sex.Nakra et al.[44] investigated incidence and clinical features of 150 consecutive patients who presented with potency complaints in their clinic.

Clinical assessments were done apart from detailed sexual history. The patients were 15–50 years of age, educated up to mid-school and mostly from a rural background. Most of them were married and reported premarital sexual practices, while nearly 67% of them practiced masturbation from early age.

There was significant guilt associated with nocturnal emissions and masturbation. Nearly 27% of the cases reported DS-like symptoms attributing their health problems to semen loss.Behere and Nataraj[45] reported that majority of the patients with DS presented with comorbidities of physical weakness, anxiety, headache, sad mood, loss of appetite, impotence, and premature ejaculation. The authors stated that DS in India is a symptom complex commonly found in younger age groups (16–23 years).

The study subjects presented with complaints of whitish discharge in urine and believed that the loss of semen through masturbation was the reason for DS and weakness.Singh et al.[46] studied 50 cases with DS and sexual problems (premature ejaculation and impotence) from Punjab, India, after exclusion of those who were psychiatrically ill. It was assumed in the study that semen loss is considered synonymous to “loss of something precious”, hence its loss would be associated with low mood and grief. Impotency (24%), premature ejaculation (14%), and “Dhat” in urine (40%) were the common complaints observed.

Patients reported variety of symptoms including anxiety, depression, appetite loss, sleep problems, bodily pains, and headache. More than half of the patients were independently diagnosed with depression, and hence, the authors argued that DS may be a manifestation of depressive disorders.Bhatia and Malik[47] reported that the most common complaints associated with DS were physical weakness, fatigue and palpitation, insomnia, sad mood, headache, guilt feeling and suicidal ideation, impotence, and premature ejaculation. Psychiatric disorders were found in 69% of the patients, out of which the most common was depression followed by anxiety, psychosis, and phobia.

About 15% of the patients were found to have premature ejaculation and 8% had impotence.Bhatia et al.[48] examined several biological variables of DS after enrolment of 40 patients in a psychosexual clinic in Delhi. Patients had a history of impotence, premature ejaculation, and loss of semen (after exclusion of substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders). Twenty years was the mean age of onset and semen loss was mainly through masturbation and sexual intercourse.

67.5% and 75% of them reported sexual disorders and psychiatric comorbidity while 25%, 12.5%, and 37.5% were recorded to suffer from ejaculatory impotence, premature ejaculation, and depression (with anxiety), respectively.Bhatia[49] conducted a study on CBS among 60 patients attending psychiatric outdoor in a teaching hospital. The study revealed that among all patients with CBSs, DS was the most common (76.7%) followed by possession syndrome (13.3%) and Koro (5%). Hypochondriasis, sexually transmitted diseases, and depression were the associated comorbidities.

Morrone et al.[50] studied 18 male patients with DS in the Dermatology department who were from Bangladesh and India. The symptoms observed were mainly fatigue and nonspecific somatic symptoms. DS patients manifested several symptoms in psychosocial, religious, somatic, and other domains.

The reasons provided by the patients for semen loss were urinary loss, nocturnal emission, and masturbation. Dhat Syndrome. The Epidemiology The typical demographic profile of a DS patient has been reported to be a less educated, young male from lower socioeconomic status and usually from rural areas.

In the earlier Indian studies by Carstairs,[51],[52],[53] it was observed that majority of the cases (52%–66.7%) were from rural areas, belonged to “conservative families and posed rigid views about sex” (69%-73%). De Silva and Dissanayake[8] in their study on semen loss syndrome reported the average age of onset of DS to be 25 years with most of them from lower-middle socioeconomic class. Chadda and Ahuja[9] studied young psychiatric patients who complained of semen loss.

They were mainly manual laborers, farmers, and clerks from low socioeconomic status. More than half were married and mostly uneducated. Khan[13] studied DS patients in Pakistan and reported that majority of the patients visited Hakims (50%) and Homeopaths (24%) for treatment.

The age range was wide between 12 and 65 years with an average age of 24 years. Among those studied, majority were unmarried (75%), literacy was up to matriculation and they belonged to lower socioeconomic class. Grover et al.[15] in their study of 780 male subjects showed the average age of onset to be 28.14 years and the age ranged between 21 and 30 years (55.3%).

The subjects were single or unmarried (51.0%) and married (46.7%). About 23.5% of the subjects had graduated and most were unemployed (73.5%). Majority of subjects were lower-middle class (34%) and had lower incomes.

Rao[17] studied 907 subjects, in which majority were from 18 to 30 years (44.5%). About 45.80% of the study subjects were illiterates and very few had completed postgraduation. The subjects were both married and single.

Majority of the subjects were residing in nuclear family (61.30%) and only 0.30% subjects were residing alone. Most of the patients did not have comorbid addictive disorders. The subjects were mainly engaged in agriculture (43.40%).

Majority of the subjects were from lower middle and upper lower socioeconomic class.Shakya[20] had studied the sociodemographic profile of 50 patients with DS. The average age of the studied patients was 25.4 years. The age ranges in decreasing order of frequency were 16–20 years (34%) followed by 21–25 years (28%), greater than 30 years (26%), 26–30 years (10%), and 11–15 years (2%).

Further, the subjects were mostly students (50%) and rest were in service (26%), farmers (14%), laborers (6%), and business (4%), respectively. Dhikav et al.[31] conducted a study on 30 patients who had attended the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic of a tertiary care hospital with complaints of frequently passing semen in urine. In the studied patients, the age ranged between 20 and 40 years with an average age of 29 years and average age of onset of 19 years.

The average duration of illness was that of 11 months. Most of the studied patients were unmarried (64.2%) and educated till middle or high school (70%). Priyadarshi and Verma[43] performed a study in 110 male patients with DS.

The average age of the patients was 23.53 years and it ranged between 15 and 68 years. The most affected age group of patients was of 18–25 years, which comprised about 60% of patients. On the other hand, about 25% ranged between 25 and 35 years, 10% were lesser than 18 years of age, and 5.5% patients were aged >35 years.

Higher percentage of the patients were unmarried (70%). Interestingly, high prevalence of DS was found in educated patients and about 50% of patients were graduate or above but most of the patients were either unemployed or student (49.1%). About 55% and 24.5% patients showed monthly family income of <10,000 and 5000 Indian Rupees (INR), respectively.

Two-third patients belonged to rural areas of residence. Behere and Nataraj[45] found majority of the patients with DS (68%) to be between 16 and 25 years age. About 52% patients were married while 48% were unmarried and from lower socioeconomic strata.

The duration of DS symptoms varied widely. Singh[46] studied patients those who reported with DS, impotence, and premature ejaculation and reported the average age of the affected to be 21.8 years with a younger age of onset. Only a few patients received higher education.

Bhatia and Malik[47] as mentioned earlier reported that age at the time of onset of DS ranged from 16 to 24 years. More than half of them were single. It was observed that most patients had some territorial education (91.67%) but few (8.33%) had postgraduate education or professional training.

Finally, Bhatia et al.[48] studied cases of sexual dysfunctions and reported an average age of 21.6 years among the affected, majority being unmarried (80%). Most of those who had comorbid DS symptoms received minimal formal education. Management.

A Multimodal Approach As mentioned before, individuals affected with DS often seek initial treatment with traditional healers, practitioners of alternative medicine, and local quacks. As a consequence, varied treatment strategies have been popularized. Dietary supplements, protein and iron-rich diet, Vitamin B and C-complexes, antibiotics, multivitamin injections, herbal “supplements,” etc., have all been used in the treatment though scientific evidence related to them is sparse.[33] Frequent change of doctors, irregular compliance to treatment, and high dropout from health care are the major challenges, as the attributional beliefs toward DS persist in the majority even after repeated reassurance.[54] A multidisciplinary approach (involving psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, psychiatric social workers) is recommended and close liaison with the general physicians, the Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy practitioners, dermatologists, venereologists, and neurologists often help.

The role of faith healers and local counselors is vital, and it is important to integrate them into the care of DS patients, rather than side-tracking them from the system. Community awareness needs to be increased especially in primary health care for early detection and appropriate referrals. Follow-up data show two-thirds of patients affected with DS recovering with psychoeducation and low-dose sedatives.[45] Bhatia[49] studied 60 cases of DS and reported better response to anti-anxiety and antidepressant medications compared to psychotherapy alone.

Classically, the correction of attributional biases through empathy, reflective, and nonjudgmental approaches has been proposed.[38] Over the years, sex education, psychotherapy, psychoeducation, relaxation techniques, and medications have been advocated in the management of DS.[9],[55] In psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral and brief solution-focused approaches are useful to target the dysfunctional assumptions and beliefs in DS. The role of sex education is vital involving the basic understanding of sexual anatomy and physiology of sexuality. This needs to be tailored to the local terminology and beliefs.

Biofeedback has also been proposed as a treatment modality.[4] Individual stress factors that might have precipitated DS need to be addressed. A detailed outline of assessment, evaluation, and management of DS is beyond the scope of this article and has already been reported in the IPS Clinical Practice Guidelines.[56] The readers are referred to these important guidelines for a comprehensive read on management. Probably, the most important factor is to understand and resolve the sociocultural contexts in the genesis of DS in each individual.

Adequate debunking of the myths related to sexuality and culturally appropriate sexual education is vital both for the prevention and treatment of DS.[56] Adequate treatment of comorbidities such as depression and anxiety often helps in reduction of symptoms, more so when the DS is considered to be a manifestation of the same. Future of Dhat Syndrome. The Way Forward Classifications in psychiatry have always been fraught with debates and discussion such as categorical versus dimensional, biological versus evolutionary.

CBS like DS forms a major area of this nosological controversy. Longitudinal stability of a diagnosis is considered to be an important part of its independent categorization. Sameer et al.[23] followed up DS patients for 6.0 ± 3.5 years and concluded that the “pure” variety of DS is not a stable diagnostic entity.

The authors rather proposed DS as a variant of somatoform disorder, with cultural explanations. The right “place” for DS in classification systems has mostly been debated and theoretically fluctuant.[14] Sridhar et al.[57] mentioned the importance of reclassifying DS from a clinically, phenomenologically, psycho-pathologically, and diagnostically valid standpoint. Although both ICD and DSM have been culturally sensitive to classification, their approach to DS has been different.

While ICD-10 considers DS under “other nonpsychotic mental disorders” (F48), DSM-V mentions it only in appendix section as “cultural concepts of distress” not assigning the condition any particular number.[12],[58] Fundamental questions have actually been raised about its separate existence altogether,[35] which further puts its diagnostic position in doubt. As discussed in the earlier sections, an alternate hypothesization of DS is a cultural variant of depression, rather than a “true syndrome.”[27] Over decades, various schools of thought have considered DS either to be a global phenomenon or a cultural “idiom” of distress in specific geographical regions or a manifestation of other primary psychiatric disorders.[59] Qualitative studies in doctors have led to marked discordance in their opinion about the validity and classificatory area of DS.[60] The upcoming ICD-11 targets to pay more importance to cultural contexts for a valid and reliable classification. However, separating the phenomenological boundaries of diseases might lead to subsetting the cultural and contextual variants in broader rubrics.[61],[62] In that way, ICD-11 might propose alternate models for distinction of CBS like DS at nosological levels.[62] It is evident that various factors include socioeconomics, acceptability, and sustainability influence global classificatory systems, and this might influence the “niche” of DS in the near future.

It will be interesting to see whether it retains its diagnostic independence or gets subsumed under the broader “narrative” of depression. In any case, uniformity of diagnosing this culturally relevant yet distressing and highly prevalent condition will remain a major area related to psychiatric research and treatment. Conclusion DS is a multidimensional psychiatric “construct” which is equally interesting and controversial.

Historically relevant and symptomatically mysterious, this disorder provides unique insights into cultural contexts of human behavior and the role of misattributions, beliefs, and misinformation in sexuality. Beyond the traditional debate about its “separate” existence, the high prevalence of DS, associated comorbidities, and resultant dysfunction make it relevant for emotional and psychosexual health. It is also treatable, and hence, the detection, understanding, and awareness become vital to its management.

This oration attempts a “bird's eye” view of this CBS taking into account a holistic perspective of the available evidence so far. The clinical manifestations, diagnostic and epidemiological attributes, management, and nosological controversies are highlighted to provide a comprehensive account of DS and its relevance to mental health. More systematic and mixed methods research are warranted to unravel the enigma of this controversial yet distressing psychiatric disorder.AcknowledgmentI sincerely thank Dr.

Debanjan Banerjee (Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore) for his constant selfless support, rich academic discourse, and continued collaboration that helped me condense years of research and ideas into this paper.Financial support and sponsorshipNil.Conflicts of interestThere are no conflicts of interest. References 1.2.3.Srinivasa Murthy R, Wig NN. A man ahead of his time.

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16.MacFarland AS, Al-Maashani M, Al Busaidi Q, Al-Naamani A, El-Bouri M, Al-Adawi S. Culture-specific pathogenicity of Dhat (semen loss) Syndrome in an Arab/Islamic Society, Oman. Oman Med J 2017;32:251-5.

17.Rao TS. Comprehensive Study of Prevalence Rates, Symptom Profile, Comorbidity and Management of Dhat Syndrome in Rural and Urban Communities. PhD Thesis.

Department of Psychiatry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Medical College, JSS University, Shivarathreeshwara Nagar Mysore, Karnataka, India. 2017. 18.Kar SK.

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J Psychosexual Health 2019;1:143-8. 21.Leff JP. Culture and the differentiation of emotional states.

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An overview. J Soc Psychiatry 1986;2:403-25. 23.Sameer M, Menon V, Chandrasekaran R.

Is 'Pure' Dhat syndrome a stable diagnostic entity?. A naturalistic long term follow up study from a tertiary care centre. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9:C01-3.

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'Dhat' syndrome – A useful clinical entity. Indian J Dermatol 1989;34:32-41. 26.Dewaraja R, Sasaki Y.

Semen-loss syndrome. A comparison between Sri Lanka and Japan. American J Psychotherapy 1991;45:14-20.

27.Balhara YP. Culture-bound syndrome. Has it found its right niche?.

Indian J Psychol Med 2011;33:210-5. [PUBMED] [Full text] 28.Prakash, S, Mandal P. Is Dhat syndrome indeed a culturally determined form of depression?.

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A review and update. J Psychosexual Health 2019;1:241-5. 30.Grover S, Avasthi A, Gupta S, Dan A, Neogi R, Behere PB, et al.

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31.Dhikav V, Aggarwal N, Gupta S, Jadhavi R, Singh K. Depression in Dhat syndrome. J Sex Med 2008;5:841-4.

Transcult Psychiatry Rev 1992;29:109-18. 33.Deb KS, Balhara YP. Dhat syndrome.

A review of the world literature. Indian J Psychol Med 2013;35:326-31. [PUBMED] [Full text] 34.Udina M, Foulon H, Valdés M, Bhattacharyya S, Martín-Santos R.

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35.Kar SK, Sarkar S. Dhat syndrome. Evolution of concept, current understanding, and need of an integrated approach.

J Hum Reprod Sci 2015;8:130-4. [PUBMED] [Full text] 36.World Health Organisation. The ICD-10, Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders.

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A functional somatic syndrome of the Indian subcontinent?. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2005;27:215-7. 38.Wig NN.

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48.Bhatia MS, Choudhry S, Shome S. Dhat syndrome - Is it a syndrome of Dhat only?. J Ment Health Hum Behav1997;2:17-22.

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[PUBMED] [Full text] 50.Morrone A, Nosotti L, Tumiati Mc, Cianconi P, Casadei F, Franco G. Dhat Syndrome. An Analysis of 18 Cases.

Paper Presented in 11th Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology &. Venerology. Prague.

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American Psychological Association. 2013. 59.Yasir Arafat SM.

Dhat syndrome. Culture bound, separate entity, or removed. J Behav Health 2017;6:147-50.

60.Prakash S, Sharan P, Sood M. A qualitative study on psychopathology of dhat syndrome in men. Implications for classification of disorders.

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Indian J Soc Psychiatry 2018;34 Suppl S1:1-4. Correspondence Address:T S Sathyanarayana RaoDepartment of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore - 570 004, Karnataka IndiaSource of Support. None, Conflict of Interest.

NoneDOI. 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_791_20.

How to amoxil online canadian pharmacy cite this article:Singh OP. Mental health in diverse India. Need for amoxil online canadian pharmacy advocacy. Indian J Psychiatry 2021;63:315-6”Unity in diversity” - That is the theme of India which we are quite proud of.

We have diversity in terms of geography – From the Himalayas to amoxil online canadian pharmacy the deserts to the seas. Every region has its own distinct culture and food. There are so many varieties of dress and language. There is huge difference between the states in terms of development, attitude amoxil online canadian pharmacy toward women, health infrastructure, child mortality, and other sociodemographic development indexes.

There is now ample evidence that sociocultural factors influence mental health. Compton and Shim[1] have described in their model of gene environment interaction how public policies and social norms act on the distribution of amoxil online canadian pharmacy opportunity leading to social inequality, exclusion, poor environment, discrimination, and unemployment. This in turn leads to reduced options, poor choices, and high-risk behavior. Combining genetic vulnerability amoxil online canadian pharmacy and early brain insult with low access to health care leads to poor mental health, disease, and morbidity.When we come to the field of mental health, we find huge differences between different states of India.

The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was markedly different while it was 5.8 and 5.1 for Assam and Uttar Pradesh at the lower end of the spectrum, it was 13.9 and 14.1 for Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra at the higher end of the spectrum. There was also a huge difference between the rural areas and metros, particularly in terms of psychosis and bipolar disorders.[2] The difference was distinct not only in the prevalence but also in the type of psychiatric disorders. While the more developed southern states had higher prevalence of adult-onset disorders such as depression and anxiety, the less developed northern states had more amoxil online canadian pharmacy of childhood onset disorders. This may be due to lead toxicity, nutritional status, and perinatal issues.

Higher rates of depression and anxiety were found amoxil online canadian pharmacy in females. Apart from the genetic and hormonal factors, increase was attributed to gender discrimination, violence, sexual abuse, and adverse sociocultural norms. Marriage was found to be amoxil online canadian pharmacy a negative prognostic indicator contrary to the western norms.[3]Cultural influences on the presentation of psychiatric disorders are apparent. Being in recessive position in the family is one of the strongest predictors of psychiatric illnesses and psychosomatic disorders.

The presentation of depressive and anxiety disorders with more somatic symptoms results from inability to express due to unequal power equation in the family rather than the lack of expressions. Apart from culture amoxil online canadian pharmacy bound syndromes, the role of cultural idioms of distress in manifestations of psychiatric symptoms is well acknowledged.When we look into suicide data, suicide in lower socioeconomic strata (annual income <1 lakh) was 92,083, in annual income group of 1–5 lakhs, it was 41,197, and in higher income group, it was 4726. Among those who committed suicide, 67% were young adults, 34% had family problems, 23.4% of suicides occurred in daily laborers, 10.1% in unemployed persons, and 7.4% in farmers.[4]While there are huge regional differences in mental health issues, the challenges in mental health in India remain stigma reduction, conducting research on efficacy of early intervention, reaching the unreached, gender sensitive services, making quality mental healthcare accessible and available, suicide prevention, reduction of substance abuse, implementing insurance for mental health and reducing out-of-pocket expense, and finally, improving care for homeless mentally ill. All these require sustained advocacy aimed at promoting rights of mentally ill persons and reducing stigma and discriminations amoxil online canadian pharmacy.

It consists of various actions aimed at changing the attitudinal barriers in achieving positive mental health outcomes in the general population. Psychiatrists as Mental Health Advocates There is a debate whether psychiatrists who are overburdened with clinical care could or should be involved in the advocacy activities which require skills in other areas, and sometimes, they find themselves at the receiving end of mental health advocates. We must be involved and pathways should be to build technical evidence for mapping out the problem, cost-effective interventions, amoxil online canadian pharmacy and their efficacy.Advocacy can be done at institutional level, organizational level, and individual level. There has been huge work done in this regard at institution level.

Important research work done in this regard includes the National Mental Health Survey, National Survey on Extent and Pattern of Substance amoxil online canadian pharmacy Use in India, Global Burden of Diseases in Indian States, and Trajectory of Brain Development. Other activities include improving the infrastructure of mental hospitals, telepsychiatry services, provision of free drugs, providing training to increase the number of service providers. Similarly, at organizational level, the Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS) has filed a case for amoxil online canadian pharmacy lacunae in Mental Health-care Act, 2017. Another case filed by the IPS lead to change of name of the film from “Mental Hai Kya” to “Judgemental Hai Kya.” In LGBT issue, the IPS statement was quoted in the final judgement on the decriminalization of homosexuality.

The IPS has also started helplines at different levels and media interactions. The Indian Journal amoxil online canadian pharmacy of Psychiatry has also come out with editorials highlighting the need of care of marginalized population such as migrant laborers and persons with dementia. At an individual level, we can be involved in ensuring quality treatment, respecting dignity and rights of the patient, sensitization of staff, working with patients and caregivers to plan services, and being involved locally in media and public awareness activities.The recent experience of Brazil is an eye opener where suicide reduction resulted from direct cash transfer pointing at the role of economic decision in suicide.[5] In India where economic inequality is increasing, male-to-female ratio is abysmal in some states (877 in Haryana to 1034 in Kerala), our actions should be sensitive to this regional variation. When the enemy is economic inequality, our weapon is research highlighting the role of these factors amoxil online canadian pharmacy on mental health.

References 1.Compton MT, Shim RS. The social determinants amoxil online canadian pharmacy of mental health. Focus 2015;13:419-25. 2.Gururaj G, Varghese M, Benegal V, Rao GN, Pathak K, Singh LK, et al.

National Mental Health Survey of India, amoxil online canadian pharmacy 2015-16. Prevalence, Patterns and Outcomes. Bengaluru. National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, NIMHANS Publication No.

129. 2016. 3.Sagar R, Dandona R, Gururaj G, Dhaliwal RS, Singh A, Ferrari A, et al. The burden of mental disorders across the states of India.

The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2017. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7:148-61. 4.National Crime Records Bureau, 2019. Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India.

2019. Available from. Https://ncrb.gov.in. [Last accessed on 2021 Jun 24].

5.Machado DB, Rasella D, dos Santos DN. Impact of income inequality and other social determinants on suicide rate in Brazil. PLoS One 2015;10:e0124934. Correspondence Address:Om Prakash SinghDepartment of Psychiatry, WBMES, Kolkata, West Bengal.

AMRI Hospitals, Kolkata, West Bengal IndiaSource of Support. None, Conflict of Interest. NoneDOI. 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_635_21Abstract Sexual health, an essential component of individual's health, is influenced by many complex issues including sexual behavior, attitudes, societal, and cultural factors on the one hand and while on the other hand, biological aspects, genetic predisposition, and associated mental and physical illnesses.

Sexual health is a neglected area, even though it influences mortality, morbidity, and disability. Dhat syndrome (DS), the term coined by Dr. N. N.

Wig, has been at the forefront of advancements in understanding and misunderstanding. The concept of DS is still evolving being treated as a culture-bound syndrome in the past to a syndrome of depression and treated as “a culturally determined idiom of distress.” It is bound with myths, fallacies, prejudices, secrecy, exaggeration, and value-laden judgments. Although it has been reported from many countries, much of the literature has emanated from Asia, that too mainly from India. The research in India has ranged from the study of a few cases in the past to recent national multicentric studies concerning phenomenology and beliefs of patients.

The epidemiological studies have ranged from being hospital-based to population-based studies in rural and urban settings. There are studies on the management of individual cases by resolving sexual myths, relaxation exercises, supportive psychotherapy, anxiolytics, and antidepressants to broader and deeper research concerning cognitive behavior therapy. The presentation looks into DS as a model case highlighting the importance of exploring sexual health concerns in the Indian population in general and in particular need to reconsider DS in the light of the newly available literature. It makes a fervent appeal for the inclusion of DS in the mainstream diagnostic categories in the upcoming revisions of the diagnostic manuals which can pave the way for a better understanding and management of DS and sexual problems.Keywords.

Culture-bound syndrome, Dhat syndrome, Dhat syndrome management, Dhat syndrome prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, sexual disordersHow to cite this article:Sathyanarayana Rao T S. History and mystery of Dhat syndrome. A critical look at the current understanding and future directions. Indian J Psychiatry 2021;63:317-25 Introduction Mr.

President, Chairpersons, my respected teachers and seniors, my professional colleagues and friends, ladies and gentlemen:I deem it a proud privilege and pleasure to receive and to deliver DLN Murti Rao Oration Award for 2020. I am humbled at this great honor and remain grateful to the Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS) in general and the awards committee in particular. I would like to begin my presentation with my homage to Professor DLN Murti Rao, who was a Doyen of Psychiatry.[1] I have a special connection to the name as Dr. Doddaballapura Laxmi Narasimha Murti Rao, apart from a family name, obtained his medical degree from Mysore Medical College, Mysuru, India, the same city where I have served last 33 years in JSS Medical College and JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research.

His name carries the reverence in the corridors of the current National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) at Bangalore which was All India Institute of Mental Health, when he served as Head and the Medical Superintendent. Another coincidence was his untimely demise in 1962, the same year another Doyen Dr. Wig[2],[3] published the article on a common but peculiar syndrome in the Indian context and gave the name Dhat syndrome (DS). Even though Dr.

Wig is no more, his legacy of profound contribution to psychiatry and psychiatric education in general and service to the society and Mental Health, in particular, is well documented. His keen observation and study culminated in synthesizing many aspects and developments in DS.I would also like to place on record my humble pranams to my teachers from Christian Medical College, Vellore – Dr. Abraham Varghese, the first Editor of the Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine and Dr. K.

Kuruvilla, Past Editor of Indian Journal of Psychiatry whose legacies I carried forward for both the journals. I must place on record that my journey in the field of Sexual Medicine was sown by Dr. K. Kuruvilla and subsequent influence of Dr.

Ajit Avasthi from Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research from Chandigarh as my role model in the field. There are many more who have shaped and nurtured my interest in the field of sex and sexuality.The term “Dhat” was taken from the Sanskrit language, which is an important word “Dhatu” and has known several meanings such as “metal,” a “medicinal constituent,” which can be considered as most powerful material within the human body.[4] The Dhat disorder is mainly known for “loss of semen”, and the DS is a well-known “culture-bound syndrome (CBS).”[4] The DS leads to several psychosexual disorders such as physical weakness, tiredness, anxiety, appetite loss, and guilt related to the loss of semen through nocturnal emission, in urine and by masturbation as mentioned in many studies.[4],[5],[6] Conventionally, Charaka Samhita mentions “waste of bodily humors” being linked to the “loss of Dhatus.”[5] Semen has even been mentioned by Aristotle as a “soul substance” and weakness associated with its loss.[6] This has led to a plethora of beliefs about “food-blood-semen” relationship where the loss of semen is considered to reduce vitality, potency, and psychophysiological strength. People have variously attributed DS to excessive masturbation, premarital sex, promiscuity, and nocturnal emissions. Several past studies have emphasized that CBS leads to “anxiety for loss of semen” is not only prevalent in the Indian subcontinent but also a global phenomenon.[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20]It is important to note that DS manifestation and the psychosexual features are based on the impact of culture, demographic profiles, and the socioeconomic status of the patients.[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20] According to Leff,[21] culture depends upon norms, values, and myths, based on a specific area, and is also shared by the indigenous individuals of that area.

Tiwari et al.[22] mentioned in their study that “culture is closely associated with mental disorders through social and psychological activities.” With this background, the paper attempts to highlight the multidimensional construct of DS for a better clinical understanding in routine practice. Dhat Syndrome. A Separate Entity or a “Cultural Variant” of Depression Even though DS has been studied for years now, a consensus on the definition is yet to be achieved. It has mostly been conceptualized as a multidimensional psychosomatic entity consisting of anxiety, depressive, somatic, and sexual phenomenology.

Most importantly, abnormal and erroneous attributions are considered to be responsible for the genesis of DS. The most important debate is, however, related to the nosological status of DS. Although considered to a CBS unique to India, it has also been increasingly reported in China, Europe, Japan, Malaysia, Russia, and America.[11] The consistency and validity of its diagnosis have been consistently debated, and one of the most vital questions that emerged was. Can there be another way to conceptualize DS?.

There is no single answer to that question. Apart from an independent entity, the diagnostic validity of which has been limited in longitudinal studies,[23] it has also been a cultural variant of depressive and somatization disorders. Mumford[11] in his study of Asian patients with DS found a significant association with depressed mood, anxiety, and fatigue. Around the same time, another study by Chadha[24] reported comorbidities in DS at a rate of 50%, 32%, and 18% related to depression, somatoform disorders, and anxiety, respectively.

Depression continued to be reported as the most common association of DS in many studies.[25],[26] This “cause-effect” dilemma can never be fully resolved. Whether “loss of semen” and the cultural attributions to it leads to the affective symptoms or whether low mood and neuroticism can lead to DS in appropriate cultural context are two sides of the argument. However, the cognitive biases resulting in the attributional errors of DS and the subsequently maintained attitudes with relation to sexuality can be explained by the depressive cognitions and concepts of learned helplessness. Balhara[27] has argued that since DS is not really culture specific as thought of earlier, it should not be solely categorized as a functional somatic syndrome, as that can have detrimental effects on its understanding and management.

He also mentions that the underlying “emotional distress and cultural contexts” are not unique to DS but can be related to any psychiatric syndrome for that matter. On the contrary, other researchers have warned that subsuming DS and other CBS under the broader rubric of “mood disorders” can lead to neglect and reductionism in disorder like DS that can have unique cultural connotations.[28] Over the years, there have been multiple propositions to relook and relabel CBS like DS. Considering it as a variant of depression or somatization can make it a “cultural phenotype” of these disorders in certain regions, thus making it easier for the classificatory systems. This dichotomous debate seems never-ending, but clinically, it is always better to err on over-diagnosing and over-treating depression and anxiety in DS, which can improve the well-being of the distressed patients.

Why Discuss Dhat Syndrome. Implications in Clinical Practice DS might occur independently or associated with multiple comorbidities. It has been a widely recognized clinical condition in various parts of the world, though considered specific to the Indian subcontinent. The presentation can often be polymorphic with symptom clusters of affective, somatic, behavioral, and cognitive manifestations.[29] Being common in rural areas, the first contacts of the patients are frequently traditional faith healers and less often, the general practitioners.

A psychiatric referral occurs much later, if at all. This leads to underdetection and faulty treatments, which can strengthen the already existing misattributions and misinformation responsible for maintaining the disorder. Furthermore, depression and sexual dysfunction can be the important comorbidities that if untreated, lead to significant psychosocial dysfunction and impaired quality of life.[30] Besides many patients of DS believe that their symptoms are due to failure of interpersonal relationships, s, and heredity, which might cause early death and infertility. This contributes to the vicious cycle of fear and panic.[31] Doctor shopping is another challenge and failure to detect and address the concern of DS might lead to dropping out from the care.[15] Rao[17] in their epidemiological study reported 12.5% prevalence in the general population, with 20.5% and 50% suffering from comorbid depression and sexual disorders.

The authors stressed upon the importance of early detection of DS for the psychosexual and social well-being. Most importantly, the multidimensional presentation of DS can at certain times be a facade overshadowing underlying neurotic disorders (anxiety, depression, somatoform, hypochondriasis, and phobias), obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders and body dysmorphic disorders, delusional disorders, sexual disorders (premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction) and infectious disorders (urinary tract s, sexually transmitted diseases), and even stress-related manifestations in otherwise healthy individuals.[4],[14],[15] This significant overlap of symptomatology, increased prevalence, and marked comorbidity make it all the more important for physicians to make sense out of the construct of DS. That can facilitate prompt detection and management of DS in routine clinical practice.In an earlier review study, it was observed that few studies are undertaken to update the research works from published articles as an updated review, systemic review, world literature review, etc., on DS and its management approach.[29],[32],[33],[34],[35] The present paper attempts to compile the evidence till date on DS related to its nosology, critique, manifestations, and management plan. The various empirical studies on DS all over the world will be briefly discussed along with the implications and importance of the syndrome.

The Construct of Dhat Syndrome. Summary of Current Evidence DS is a well-known CBS, which is defined as undue concern about the weakening effects after the passage of semen in urine or through nocturnal emission that has been stated by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10).[36] It is also known as “semen loss syndrome” by Shakya,[20] which is prevalent mainly in the Indian subcontinent[37] and has also been reported in the South-Eastern and western population.[15],[16],[20],[32],[38],[39],[40],[41] Individuals with “semen loss anxiety” suffer from a myriad of psychosexual symptoms, which have been attributed to “loss of vital essence through semen” (common in South Asia).[7],[15],[16],[17],[32],[37],[41],[42],[43] The various studies related to attributes of DS and their findings are summarized further.Prakash et al.[5] studied 100 DS patients through 139 symptoms of the Associated Symptoms Scale. They studied sociodemographic profile, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and Postgraduate Institute Neuroticism Scale. The study found a wide range of physical, anxiety, depression, sexual, and cognitive symptoms.

Most commonly associated symptoms were found as per score ≥1. This study reported several parameters such as the “sense of being unhealthy” (99%), worry (99%), feeling “no improvement despite treatment” (97%), tension (97%), tiredness (95%), fatigue (95%), weakness (95%), and anxiety (95%). The common sexual disorders were observed as loss of masculinity (83%), erectile dysfunction (54%), and premature ejaculation (53%). Majority of patients had faced mild or moderate level of symptoms in which 47% of the patients reported severe weakness.

Overall distress and dysfunction were observed as 64% and 81% in the studied subjects, respectively.A study in Taiwan involved 87 participants from a Urology clinic. Most of them have sexual neurosis (Shen-K'uei syndrome).[7] More than one-third of the patients belonged to lower social class and symptoms of depression, somatization, anxiety, masturbation, and nocturnal emissions. Other bodily complaints as reported were sleep disturbances, fatigue, dizziness, backache, and weakness. Nearly 80% of them considered that all of their problems were due to masturbatory practices.De Silva and Dissanayake[8] investigated several manifestations on semen loss syndrome in the psychiatric clinic of Colombo General Hospital, Sri Lanka.

Beliefs regarding effects of semen loss and help-seeking sought for DS were explored. 38 patients were studied after psychiatrically ill individuals and those with organic disorders were excluded. Duration of semen loss varied from 1 to 20 years. Every participant reported excessive loss of semen and was preoccupied with it.

The common forms of semen loss were through nocturnal emission, masturbation, urinary loss, and through sexual activities. Most of them reported multiple modes of semen loss. Masturbatory frequency and that of nocturnal emissions varied significantly. More than half of the patients reported all types of complaints (psychological, sexual, somatic, and genital).In the study by Chadda and Ahuja,[9] 52 psychiatric patients (mostly adolescents and young adults) complained of passing “Dhat” in urine.

They were assessed for a period of 6 months. More than 80% of them complained of body weakness, aches, and pains. More than 50% of the patients suffered from depression and anxiety. All the participants felt that their symptoms were due to loss of “dhat” in urine, attributed to excessive masturbation, extramarital and premarital sex.

Half of those who faced sexual dysfunctions attributed them to semen loss.Mumford[11] proposed a controversial explanation of DS arguing that it might be a part of other psychiatric disorders, like depression. A total of 1000 literate patients were recruited from a medical outdoor in a public sector hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. About 600 educated patients were included as per Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI). Men with DS reported greater symptoms on BSI than those without DS.

60 psychiatric patients were also recruited from the same hospital and diagnosed using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III-R. Among them, 33% of the patients qualified for “Dhat” items on BSI. The symptoms persisted for more than 15 days. It was observed that symptoms of DS highly correlated with BSI items, namely erectile dysfunction, burning sensation during urination, fatigue, energy loss, and weakness.

This comparative study indicated that patients with DS suffered more from depressive disorders than without DS and the age group affected by DS was mostly the young.Grover et al.[15] conducted a study on 780 male patients aged >16 years in five centers (Chandigarh, Jaipur, Faridkot, Mewat, and New Delhi) of Northern India, 4 centers (2 from Kolkata, 1 each in Kalyani and Bhubaneswar) of Eastern India, 2 centers (Agra and Lucknow) of Central India, 2 centers (Ahmedabad and Wardha) of Western India, and 2 centers of Southern India (both located at Mysore) spread across the country by using DS questionnaire. Nearly one-third of the patients were passing “Dhat” multiple times a week. Among them, nearly 60% passed almost a spoonful of “Dhat” each time during a loss. This work on sexual disorders reported that the passage of “Dhat” was mostly attributed to masturbation (55.1%), dreams on sex (47.3%), sexual desire (42.8%), and high energy foods consumption (36.7%).

Mostly, the participants experienced passage of Dhat as “night falls” (60.1%) and “while passing stools” (59.5%). About 75.6% showed weakness in sexual ability as a common consequence of the “loss of Dhat.” The associated symptoms were depression, hopelessness, feeling low, decreased energy levels, weakness, and lack of pleasure. Erectile problems and premature ejaculation were also present.Rao[17] in his first epidemiological study done in Karnataka, India, showed the prevalence rate of DS in general male population as 12.5%. It was found that 57.5% were suffering either from comorbid depression or anxiety disorders.

The prevalence of psychiatric and sexual disorders was about three times higher with DS compared to non-DS subjects. One-third of the cases (32.8%) had no comorbidity in hospital (urban). One-fifth (20.5%) and 50% subjects (51.3%) had comorbid depressive disorders and sexual dysfunction. The psychosexual symptoms were found among 113 patients who had DS.

The most common psychological symptoms reported by the subjects with DS were low self-esteem (100%), loss of interest in any activity (95.60%), feeling of guilt (92.00%), and decreased social interaction (90.30%). In case of sexual disorders, beliefs were held commonly about testes becoming smaller (92.00%), thinness of semen (86.70%), decreased sexual capabilities (83.20%), and tilting of penis (70.80%).Shakya[20] studied a clinicodemographic profile of DS patients in psychiatry outpatient clinic of B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.

A total of 50 subjects were included in this study, and the psychiatric diagnoses as well as comorbidities were investigated as per the ICD-10 criteria. Among the subjects, most of the cases had symptoms of depression and anxiety, and all the subjects were worried about semen loss. Somehow these subjects had heard or read that semen loss or masturbation is unhealthy practice. The view of participants was that semen is very “precious,” needs preservation, and masturbation is a malpractice.

Beside DS, two-thirds of the subjects had comorbid depression.In another Indian study, Chadda et al.[24] compared patients with DS with those affected with neurotic/depressive disorders. Among 100 patients, 50%, 32%, and 18% reported depression, somatic problems, and anxiety, respectively. The authors argued that cases of DS have similar symptom dimensions as mood and anxiety disorders.Dhikav et al.[31] examined prevalence and management depression comorbid with DS. DSM-IV and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were used for assessments.

About 66% of the patients met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of depression. They concluded that depression was a frequent comorbidity in DS patients.In a study by Perme et al.[37] from South India that included 32 DS patients, the control group consisted of 33 people from the same clinic without DS, depression, and anxiety. The researchers followed the guidelines of Bhatia and Malik's for the assessment of primary complaints of semen loss through “nocturnal emissions, masturbation, sexual intercourse, and passing of semen before and after urine.” The assessment was done based on several indices, namely “Somatization Screening Index, Illness Behavior Questionnaire, Somatosensory Amplification Scale, Whitley Index, and Revised Chalder Fatigue Scale.” Several complaints such as somatic complaints, hypochondriacal beliefs, and fatigue were observed to be significantly higher among patients with DS compared to the control group.A study conducted in South Hall (an industrial area in the borough of Middlesex, London) included Indian and Pakistani immigrants. Young men living separately from their wives reported promiscuity, some being infected with gonorrhea and syphilis.

Like other studies, nocturnal emission, weakness, and impotency were the other reported complaints. Semen was considered to be responsible for strength and vigor by most patients. Compared to the sexual problems of Indians, the British residents complained of pelvic issues and backache.In another work, Bhatia et al.[42] undertook a study on culture-bound syndromes and reported that 76.7% of the sample had DS followed by possession syndrome and Koro (a genital-related anxiety among males in South-East Asia). Priyadarshi and Verma[43] performed a study in Urology Department of S M S Hospital, Jaipur, India.

They conducted the study among 110 male patients who complained of DS and majority of them were living alone (54.5%) or in nuclear family (30%) as compared to joint family. Furthermore, 60% of them reported of never having experienced sex.Nakra et al.[44] investigated incidence and clinical features of 150 consecutive patients who presented with potency complaints in their clinic. Clinical assessments were done apart from detailed sexual history. The patients were 15–50 years of age, educated up to mid-school and mostly from a rural background.

Most of them were married and reported premarital sexual practices, while nearly 67% of them practiced masturbation from early age. There was significant guilt associated with nocturnal emissions and masturbation. Nearly 27% of the cases reported DS-like symptoms attributing their health problems to semen loss.Behere and Nataraj[45] reported that majority of the patients with DS presented with comorbidities of physical weakness, anxiety, headache, sad mood, loss of appetite, impotence, and premature ejaculation. The authors stated that DS in India is a symptom complex commonly found in younger age groups (16–23 years).

The study subjects presented with complaints of whitish discharge in urine and believed that the loss of semen through masturbation was the reason for DS and weakness.Singh et al.[46] studied 50 cases with DS and sexual problems (premature ejaculation and impotence) from Punjab, India, after exclusion of those who were psychiatrically ill. It was assumed in the study that semen loss is considered synonymous to “loss of something precious”, hence its loss would be associated with low mood and grief. Impotency (24%), premature ejaculation (14%), and “Dhat” in urine (40%) were the common complaints observed. Patients reported variety of symptoms including anxiety, depression, appetite loss, sleep problems, bodily pains, and headache.

More than half of the patients were independently diagnosed with depression, and hence, the authors argued that DS may be a manifestation of depressive disorders.Bhatia and Malik[47] reported that the most common complaints associated with DS were physical weakness, fatigue and palpitation, insomnia, sad mood, headache, guilt feeling and suicidal ideation, impotence, and premature ejaculation. Psychiatric disorders were found in 69% of the patients, out of which the most common was depression followed by anxiety, psychosis, and phobia. About 15% of the patients were found to have premature ejaculation and 8% had impotence.Bhatia et al.[48] examined several biological variables of DS after enrolment of 40 patients in a psychosexual clinic in Delhi. Patients had a history of impotence, premature ejaculation, and loss of semen (after exclusion of substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders).

Twenty years was the mean age of onset and semen loss was mainly through masturbation and sexual intercourse. 67.5% and 75% of them reported sexual disorders and psychiatric comorbidity while 25%, 12.5%, and 37.5% were recorded to suffer from ejaculatory impotence, premature ejaculation, and depression (with anxiety), respectively.Bhatia[49] conducted a study on CBS among 60 patients attending psychiatric outdoor in a teaching hospital. The study revealed that among all patients with CBSs, DS was the most common (76.7%) followed by possession syndrome (13.3%) and Koro (5%). Hypochondriasis, sexually transmitted diseases, and depression were the associated comorbidities.

Morrone et al.[50] studied 18 male patients with DS in the Dermatology department who were from Bangladesh and India. The symptoms observed were mainly fatigue and nonspecific somatic symptoms. DS patients manifested several symptoms in psychosocial, religious, somatic, and other domains. The reasons provided by the patients for semen loss were urinary loss, nocturnal emission, and masturbation.

Dhat Syndrome. The Epidemiology The typical demographic profile of a DS patient has been reported to be a less educated, young male from lower socioeconomic status and usually from rural areas. In the earlier Indian studies by Carstairs,[51],[52],[53] it was observed that majority of the cases (52%–66.7%) were from rural areas, belonged to “conservative families and posed rigid views about sex” (69%-73%). De Silva and Dissanayake[8] in their study on semen loss syndrome reported the average age of onset of DS to be 25 years with most of them from lower-middle socioeconomic class.

Chadda and Ahuja[9] studied young psychiatric patients who complained of semen loss. They were mainly manual laborers, farmers, and clerks from low socioeconomic status. More than half were married and mostly uneducated. Khan[13] studied DS patients in Pakistan and reported that majority of the patients visited Hakims (50%) and Homeopaths (24%) for treatment.

The age range was wide between 12 and 65 years with an average age of 24 years. Among those studied, majority were unmarried (75%), literacy was up to matriculation and they belonged to lower socioeconomic class. Grover et al.[15] in their study of 780 male subjects showed the average age of onset to be 28.14 years and the age ranged between 21 and 30 years (55.3%). The subjects were single or unmarried (51.0%) and married (46.7%).

About 23.5% of the subjects had graduated and most were unemployed (73.5%). Majority of subjects were lower-middle class (34%) and had lower incomes. Rao[17] studied 907 subjects, in which majority were from 18 to 30 years (44.5%). About 45.80% of the study subjects were illiterates and very few had completed postgraduation.

The subjects were both married and single. Majority of the subjects were residing in nuclear family (61.30%) and only 0.30% subjects were residing alone. Most of the patients did not have comorbid addictive disorders. The subjects were mainly engaged in agriculture (43.40%).

Majority of the subjects were from lower middle and upper lower socioeconomic class.Shakya[20] had studied the sociodemographic profile of 50 patients with DS. The average age of the studied patients was 25.4 years. The age ranges in decreasing order of frequency were 16–20 years (34%) followed by 21–25 years (28%), greater than 30 years (26%), 26–30 years (10%), and 11–15 years (2%). Further, the subjects were mostly students (50%) and rest were in service (26%), farmers (14%), laborers (6%), and business (4%), respectively.

Dhikav et al.[31] conducted a study on 30 patients who had attended the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic of a tertiary care hospital with complaints of frequently passing semen in urine. In the studied patients, the age ranged between 20 and 40 years with an average age of 29 years and average age of onset of 19 years. The average duration of illness was that of 11 months. Most of the studied patients were unmarried (64.2%) and educated till middle or high school (70%).

Priyadarshi and Verma[43] performed a study in 110 male patients with DS. The average age of the patients was 23.53 years and it ranged between 15 and 68 years. The most affected age group of patients was of 18–25 years, which comprised about 60% of patients. On the other hand, about 25% ranged between 25 and 35 years, 10% were lesser than 18 years of age, and 5.5% patients were aged >35 years.

Higher percentage of the patients were unmarried (70%). Interestingly, high prevalence of DS was found in educated patients and about 50% of patients were graduate or above but most of the patients were either unemployed or student (49.1%). About 55% and 24.5% patients showed monthly family income of <10,000 and 5000 Indian Rupees (INR), respectively. Two-third patients belonged to rural areas of residence.

Behere and Nataraj[45] found majority of the patients with DS (68%) to be between 16 and 25 years age. About 52% patients were married while 48% were unmarried and from lower socioeconomic strata. The duration of DS symptoms varied widely. Singh[46] studied patients those who reported with DS, impotence, and premature ejaculation and reported the average age of the affected to be 21.8 years with a younger age of onset.

Only a few patients received higher education. Bhatia and Malik[47] as mentioned earlier reported that age at the time of onset of DS ranged from 16 to 24 years. More than half of them were single. It was observed that most patients had some territorial education (91.67%) but few (8.33%) had postgraduate education or professional training.

Finally, Bhatia et al.[48] studied cases of sexual dysfunctions and reported an average age of 21.6 years among the affected, majority being unmarried (80%). Most of those who had comorbid DS symptoms received minimal formal education. Management. A Multimodal Approach As mentioned before, individuals affected with DS often seek initial treatment with traditional healers, practitioners of alternative medicine, and local quacks.

As a consequence, varied treatment strategies have been popularized. Dietary supplements, protein and iron-rich diet, Vitamin B and C-complexes, antibiotics, multivitamin injections, herbal “supplements,” etc., have all been used in the treatment though scientific evidence related to them is sparse.[33] Frequent change of doctors, irregular compliance to treatment, and high dropout from health care are the major challenges, as the attributional beliefs toward DS persist in the majority even after repeated reassurance.[54] A multidisciplinary approach (involving psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, psychiatric social workers) is recommended and close liaison with the general physicians, the Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy practitioners, dermatologists, venereologists, and neurologists often help. The role of faith healers and local counselors is vital, and it is important to integrate them into the care of DS patients, rather than side-tracking them from the system. Community awareness needs to be increased especially in primary health care for early detection and appropriate referrals.

Follow-up data show two-thirds of patients affected with DS recovering with psychoeducation and low-dose sedatives.[45] Bhatia[49] studied 60 cases of DS and reported better response to anti-anxiety and antidepressant medications compared to psychotherapy alone. Classically, the correction of attributional biases through empathy, reflective, and nonjudgmental approaches has been proposed.[38] Over the years, sex education, psychotherapy, psychoeducation, relaxation techniques, and medications have been advocated in the management of DS.[9],[55] In psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral and brief solution-focused approaches are useful to target the dysfunctional assumptions and beliefs in DS. The role of sex education is vital involving the basic understanding of sexual anatomy and physiology of sexuality. This needs to be tailored to the local terminology and beliefs.

Biofeedback has also been proposed as a treatment modality.[4] Individual stress factors that might have precipitated DS need to be addressed. A detailed outline of assessment, evaluation, and management of DS is beyond the scope of this article and has already been reported in the IPS Clinical Practice Guidelines.[56] The readers are referred to these important guidelines for a comprehensive read on management. Probably, the most important factor is to understand and resolve the sociocultural contexts in the genesis of DS in each individual. Adequate debunking of the myths related to sexuality and culturally appropriate sexual education is vital both for the prevention and treatment of DS.[56] Adequate treatment of comorbidities such as depression and anxiety often helps in reduction of symptoms, more so when the DS is considered to be a manifestation of the same.

Future of Dhat Syndrome. The Way Forward Classifications in psychiatry have always been fraught with debates and discussion such as categorical versus dimensional, biological versus evolutionary. CBS like DS forms a major area of this nosological controversy. Longitudinal stability of a diagnosis is considered to be an important part of its independent categorization.

Sameer et al.[23] followed up DS patients for 6.0 ± 3.5 years and concluded that the “pure” variety of DS is not a stable diagnostic entity. The authors rather proposed DS as a variant of somatoform disorder, with cultural explanations. The right “place” for DS in classification systems has mostly been debated and theoretically fluctuant.[14] Sridhar et al.[57] mentioned the importance of reclassifying DS from a clinically, phenomenologically, psycho-pathologically, and diagnostically valid standpoint. Although both ICD and DSM have been culturally sensitive to classification, their approach to DS has been different.

While ICD-10 considers DS under “other nonpsychotic mental disorders” (F48), DSM-V mentions it only in appendix section as “cultural concepts of distress” not assigning the condition any particular number.[12],[58] Fundamental questions have actually been raised about its separate existence altogether,[35] which further puts its diagnostic position in doubt. As discussed in the earlier sections, an alternate hypothesization of DS is a cultural variant of depression, rather than a “true syndrome.”[27] Over decades, various schools of thought have considered DS either to be a global phenomenon or a cultural “idiom” of distress in specific geographical regions or a manifestation of other primary psychiatric disorders.[59] Qualitative studies in doctors have led to marked discordance in their opinion about the validity and classificatory area of DS.[60] The upcoming ICD-11 targets to pay more importance to cultural contexts for a valid and reliable classification. However, separating the phenomenological boundaries of diseases might lead to subsetting the cultural and contextual variants in broader rubrics.[61],[62] In that way, ICD-11 might propose alternate models for distinction of CBS like DS at nosological levels.[62] It is evident that various factors include socioeconomics, acceptability, and sustainability influence global classificatory systems, and this might influence the “niche” of DS in the near future. It will be interesting to see whether it retains its diagnostic independence or gets subsumed under the broader “narrative” of depression.

In any case, uniformity of diagnosing this culturally relevant yet distressing and highly prevalent condition will remain a major area related to psychiatric research and treatment. Conclusion DS is a multidimensional psychiatric “construct” which is equally interesting and controversial. Historically relevant and symptomatically mysterious, this disorder provides unique insights into cultural contexts of human behavior and the role of misattributions, beliefs, and misinformation in sexuality. Beyond the traditional debate about its “separate” existence, the high prevalence of DS, associated comorbidities, and resultant dysfunction make it relevant for emotional and psychosexual health.

It is also treatable, and hence, the detection, understanding, and awareness become vital to its management. This oration attempts a “bird's eye” view of this CBS taking into account a holistic perspective of the available evidence so far. The clinical manifestations, diagnostic and epidemiological attributes, management, and nosological controversies are highlighted to provide a comprehensive account of DS and its relevance to mental health. More systematic and mixed methods research are warranted to unravel the enigma of this controversial yet distressing psychiatric disorder.AcknowledgmentI sincerely thank Dr.

Debanjan Banerjee (Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore) for his constant selfless support, rich academic discourse, and continued collaboration that helped me condense years of research and ideas into this paper.Financial support and sponsorshipNil.Conflicts of interestThere are no conflicts of interest. References 1.2.3.Srinivasa Murthy R, Wig NN. A man ahead of his time. In.

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Rather, the corrections made through this correction document are intended to ensure that the FY 2021 IPF PPS final rule accurately reflects OMB's determination about its economic significance and major status under the Congressional Review Act (CRA). Executive Order 12866 and CRA determinations are functions of the Office of Management and Budget, not the Department of Health and Human Services, and are not rules as defined by the Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S. Code 551(4)).

We ordinarily provide a 60-day delay in the effective date of final rules after the date they are issued, in accordance with the CRA (5 U.S.C. 801(a)(3)). However, section 808(2) of the CRA provides that, if an agency finds good cause that notice and public procedure are impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest, the rule shall take effect at such time as the agency determines.

Even if this were a rulemaking to which the delayed effective date requirement applied, we found, in the FY 2021 IPF PPS Final Rule (85 FR 47043), good cause to waive the 60-day delay in the effective date of the IPF PPS final rule. In the final rule, we explained that, due to CMS prioritizing efforts in support of containing and combatting the buy antibiotics-Start Printed Page 5292419 public health emergency by devoting significant resources to that end, the work needed on the IPF PPS final rule was not completed in accordance with our usual rulemaking schedule. We noted that it is critical, however, to ensure that the IPF PPS payment policies are effective on the first day of the fiscal year to which they are intended to apply and therefore, it would be contrary to the public interest to not waive the 60-day delay in the effective date.

Undertaking further notice and comment procedures to incorporate the corrections in this document into the FY 2021 IPF PPS final rule or delaying the effective date would be contrary to the public interest because it is in the public's interest to ensure that the policies finalized in the FY 2021 IPF PPS are effective as of the first day of the fiscal year to ensure providers and suppliers receive timely and appropriate payments. Further, such procedures would be unnecessary, because we are not altering the payment methodologies or policies. Rather, the correction we are making is only to indicate that the FY 2021 IPF PPS final rule is economically significant and a major rule under the CRA.

For these reasons, we find we have good cause to waive the notice and comment and effective date requirements. IV. Correction of Errors in the Preamble In FR Doc.

2020-16990, appearing on page 47042 in the Federal Register of Tuesday, August 4, 2020, the following correction is made. 1. On page 47064, in the 3rd column, under B.

Overall Impact, correct the third full paragraph to read as follows. We estimate that the total impact of this final rule is very close to the $100 million threshold. The Office of Management and Budget has designated this rule as economically significant under E.O.

12866 and a major rule under the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.). Accordingly, we have prepared a Regulatory Impact Analysis that to the best of our ability presents the costs and benefits of the rulemaking.

Start Signature Dated. August 24, 2020. Wilma M.

Robinson, Deputy Executive Secretary to the Department, Department of Health and Human Services. End Signature End Supplemental Information [FR Doc. 2020-18902 Filed 8-26-20.

8:45 am]BILLING CODE 4120-01-PBy Cyndie Shearing @CyndieShearing Americans from all walks of life are struggling to cope with an array of issues related to the buy antibiotics amoxil. Fear and anxiety about this new disease and what could happen is sometimes overwhelming and can cause strong emotions in adults and children. But long before the amoxil hit the U.S., farmers and ranchers were struggling.

Years of falling commodity prices, natural disasters, declining farm income and trade disputes with China hit rural America hard, and not just financially. Farmers’ mental health is at risk, too. Long before the amoxil hit the U.S., farmers and ranchers were struggling.

Fortunately, America’s food producers have proven to be a resilient bunch. Across the country, they continue to adopt new ways to manage stress and cope with the difficult situations they’re facing. A few examples are below.

In Oklahoma, Bryan Vincent and Gary Williams are part of an informal group that meets on a regular basis to share their burdens. “It’s way past farming,” said Vincent, a local crop consultant. €œIt’s a chance to meet with like-minded people.

It’s a chance for us to let some things out. We laugh, we may cry together, we may be disgusted together. We share our emotions, whether good, bad.” Gathering with trusted friends has given them the chance to talk about what’s happening in their lives, both good and bad.

€œI would encourage anybody – any group of farmers, friends, whatever – to form a group” to meet regularly, said Williams, a farmer. €œNot just in bad times. I think you should do that regardless, even in good times.

Share your victories and triumphs with one another, support one another.” James Young Credit. Nocole Zema/Virginia Farm Bureau In Michigan, dairy farmer Ashley Messing Kennedy battled postpartum depression and anxiety while also grieving over a close friend and farm employee who died by suicide. At first she coped by staying busy, fixing farm problems on her own and rarely asking for help.

But six months later, she knew something wasn’t right. Finding a meaningful activity to do away from the farm was a positive step forward. €œRunning’s been a game-changer for me,” Kennedy said.

€œIt’s so important to interact with people, face-to-face, that you don’t normally engage with. Whatever that is for you, do it — take time to get off the farm and walk away for a while. It will be there tomorrow.” Rich Baker also farms in Michigan and has found talking with others to be his stress management tactic of choice.

€œYou can’t just bottle things up,” Baker said. €œIf you don’t have a built-in network of farmers, go talk to a professional. In some cases that may be even more beneficial because their opinions may be more impartial.” James Young, a beef cattle farmer in Virginia, has found that mental health issues are less stigmatized as a whole today compared to the recent past.

But there are farmers “who would throw you under the bus pretty fast” if they found out someone was seeking professional mental health, he said. €œIt’s still stigmatized here.” RFD-TV Special on Farm Stress and Farmer Mental HealthAs part of the American Farm Bureau Federation’s ongoing effort to raise awareness, reduce stigma and share resources related to mental health, the organization partnered with RFD-TV to produce a one-hour episode of “Rural America Live” on farm stress and farmer mental health. The episode features AFBF President Zippy Duvall, Farm Credit Council President Todd Van Hoose and National Farmers Union President Rob Larew, as well as two university Extension specialists, a rural pastor and the author of “Stress-Free You!.

€ The program aired Thursday, Aug. 27, and will be re-broadcast on Saturday, Aug. 29, at 6 a.m.

Eastern/5 a.m. Central. Cyndie Shearing is director of communications at the American Farm Bureau Federation.

Quotes in this column originally appeared in state Farm Bureau publications and are reprinted with permission. Vincent, Williams (Oklahoma). Kennedy, Baker (Michigan) and Young (Virginia)..

Start Preamble Centers for Medicare & amoxil online canadian pharmacy. Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS. Final rule amoxil online canadian pharmacy.

Correction. In the August 4, 2020 issue of the Federal Register, we published a final rule entitled “FY 2021 Inpatient Psychiatric Facilities Prospective Payment System (IPF PPS) and Special Requirements for Psychiatric Hospitals for Fiscal Year Beginning October 1, 2020 (FY 2021)”. The August 4, 2020 final rule updates the prospective payment rates, the outlier threshold, and amoxil online canadian pharmacy the wage index for Medicare inpatient hospital services provided by Inpatient Psychiatric Facilities (IPF), which include psychiatric hospitals and excluded psychiatric units of an Inpatient Prospective Payment System (IPPS) hospital or critical access hospital.

In addition, we adopted more recent Office of Management and Budget (OMB) statistical area delineations, and applied a 2-year transition for all providers negatively impacted by wage index changes. This correction amoxil online canadian pharmacy document corrects the statement of economic significance in the August 4, 2020 final rule. This correction is effective October 1, 2020.

Start Further Info The IPF Payment Policy mailbox at IPFPaymentPolicy@cms.hhs.gov for general information. Nicolas Brock, (410) 786-5148, for information regarding the amoxil online canadian pharmacy statement of economic significance. End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information I.

Background In amoxil online canadian pharmacy FR Doc. 2020-16990 (85 FR 47042), the final rule entitled “FY 2021 Inpatient Psychiatric Facilities Prospective Payment System (IPF PPS) and Special Requirements for Psychiatric Hospitals for Fiscal Year Beginning October 1, 2020 (FY 2021)” (hereinafter referred to as the FY 2021 IPF PPS final rule) there was an error in the statement of economic significance and status as major under the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.).

Based on an estimated total impact of $95 million in increased transfers from the federal government to IPF providers, we previously stated that the final rule was not economically amoxil online canadian pharmacy significant under Executive Order (E.O.) 12866, and that the rule was not a major rule under the Congressional Review Act. However, the Office of Management and Budget designated this rule as economically significant under E.O. 12866 and major under the Congressional Review Act amoxil online canadian pharmacy.

We are correcting our previous statement in the August 4, 2020 final rule accordingly. This correction is effective October 1, 2020. II.

Summary of Errors On page 47064, in the third column, the third full paragraph under B. Overall Impact should be replaced entirely. The entire paragraph stating.

€œWe estimate that this rulemaking is not economically significant as measured by the $100 million threshold, and hence not a major rule under the Congressional Review Act. Accordingly, we have prepared a Regulatory Impact Analysis that to the best of our ability presents the costs and benefits of the rulemaking.” should be replaced with. €œWe estimate that the total impact of this final rule is close to the $100 million threshold.

The Office of Management and Budget has designated this rule as economically significant under E.O. 12866 and a major rule under the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.).

Accordingly, we have prepared a Regulatory Impact Analysis that to the best of our ability presents the costs and benefits of the rulemaking.” III. Waiver of Proposed Rulemaking and Delay in Effective Date We ordinarily publish a notice of proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register to provide a period for public comment before the provisions of a rule take effect in accordance with section 553(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) (5 U.S.C. 553(b)).

However, we can waive this notice and comment procedure if the Secretary of the Department of Human Services finds, for good cause, that the notice and comment process is impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest, and incorporates a statement of the finding and the reasons therefore in the notice. This correction document does not constitute a rulemaking that would be subject to these requirements because it corrects only the statement of economic significance included in the FY 2021 IPF PPS final rule. The corrections contained in this document are consistent with, and do not make substantive changes to, the policies and payment methodologies that were adopted and subjected to notice and comment procedures in the FY 2021 IPF PPS final rule.

Rather, the corrections made through this correction document are intended to ensure that the FY 2021 IPF PPS final rule accurately reflects OMB's determination about its economic significance and major status under the Congressional Review Act (CRA). Executive Order 12866 and CRA determinations are functions of the Office of Management and Budget, not the Department of Health and Human Services, and are not rules as defined by the Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S. Code 551(4)).

We ordinarily provide a 60-day delay in the effective date of final rules after the date they are issued, in accordance with the CRA (5 U.S.C. 801(a)(3)). However, section 808(2) of the CRA provides that, if an agency finds good cause that notice and public procedure are impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest, the rule shall take effect at such time as the agency determines.

Even if this were a rulemaking to which the delayed effective date requirement applied, we found, in the FY 2021 IPF PPS Final Rule (85 FR 47043), good cause to waive the 60-day delay in the effective date of the IPF PPS final rule. In the final rule, we explained that, due to CMS prioritizing efforts in support of containing and combatting the buy antibiotics-Start Printed Page 5292419 public health emergency by devoting significant resources to that end, the work needed on the IPF PPS final rule was not completed in accordance with our usual rulemaking schedule. We noted that it is critical, however, to ensure that the IPF PPS payment policies are effective on the first day of the fiscal year to which they are intended to apply and therefore, it would be contrary to the public interest to not waive the 60-day delay in the effective date.

Undertaking further notice and comment procedures to incorporate the corrections in this document into the FY 2021 IPF PPS final rule or delaying the effective date would be contrary to the public interest because it is in the public's interest to ensure that the policies finalized in the FY 2021 IPF PPS are effective as of the first day of the fiscal year to ensure providers and suppliers receive timely and appropriate payments. Further, such procedures would be unnecessary, because we are not altering the payment methodologies or policies. Rather, the correction we are making is only to indicate that the FY 2021 IPF PPS final rule is economically significant and a major rule under the CRA.

For these reasons, we find we have good cause to waive the notice and comment and effective date requirements. IV. Correction of Errors in the Preamble In FR Doc.

2020-16990, appearing on page 47042 in the Federal Register of Tuesday, August 4, 2020, the following correction is made. 1. On page 47064, in the 3rd column, under B.

Overall Impact, correct the third full paragraph to read as follows. We estimate that the total impact of this final rule is very close to the $100 million threshold. The Office of Management and Budget has designated this rule as economically significant under E.O.

12866 and a major rule under the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.). Accordingly, we have prepared a Regulatory Impact Analysis that to the best of our ability presents the costs and benefits of the rulemaking.

Start Signature Dated. August 24, 2020. Wilma M.

Robinson, Deputy Executive Secretary to the Department, Department of Health and Human Services. End Signature End Supplemental Information [FR Doc. 2020-18902 Filed 8-26-20.

8:45 am]BILLING CODE 4120-01-PBy Cyndie Shearing @CyndieShearing Americans from all walks of life are struggling to cope with an array of issues related to the buy antibiotics amoxil. Fear and anxiety about this new disease and what could happen is sometimes overwhelming and can cause strong emotions in adults and children. But long before the amoxil hit the U.S., farmers and ranchers were struggling.

Years of falling commodity prices, natural disasters, declining farm income and trade disputes with China hit rural America hard, and not just financially. Farmers’ mental health is at risk, too. Long before the amoxil hit the U.S., farmers and ranchers were struggling.

Fortunately, America’s food producers have proven to be a resilient bunch. Across the country, they continue to adopt new ways to manage stress and cope with the difficult situations they’re facing. A few examples are below.

In Oklahoma, Bryan Vincent and Gary Williams are part of an informal group that meets on a regular basis to share their burdens. “It’s way past farming,” said Vincent, a local crop consultant. €œIt’s a chance to meet with like-minded people.

It’s a chance for us to let some things out. We laugh, we may cry together, we may be disgusted together. We share our emotions, whether good, bad.” Gathering with trusted friends has given them the chance to talk about what’s happening in their lives, both good and bad.

€œI would encourage anybody – any group of farmers, friends, whatever – to form a group” to meet regularly, said Williams, a farmer. €œNot just in bad times. I think you should do that regardless, even in good times.

Share your victories and triumphs with one another, support one another.” James Young Credit. Nocole Zema/Virginia Farm Bureau In Michigan, dairy farmer Ashley Messing Kennedy battled postpartum depression and anxiety while also grieving over a close friend and farm employee who died by suicide. At first she coped by staying busy, fixing farm problems on her own and rarely asking for help.

But six months later, she knew something wasn’t right. Finding a meaningful activity to do away from the farm was a positive step forward. €œRunning’s been a game-changer for me,” Kennedy said.

€œIt’s so important to interact with people, face-to-face, that you don’t normally engage with. Whatever that is for you, do it — take time to get off the farm and walk away for a while. It will be there tomorrow.” Rich Baker also farms in Michigan and has found talking with others to be his stress management tactic of choice.

€œYou can’t just bottle things up,” Baker said. €œIf you don’t have a built-in network of farmers, go talk to a professional. In some cases that may be even more beneficial because their opinions may be more impartial.” James Young, a beef cattle farmer in Virginia, has found that mental health issues are less stigmatized as a whole today compared to the recent past.

But there are farmers “who would throw you under the bus pretty fast” if they found out someone was seeking professional mental health, he said. €œIt’s still stigmatized here.” RFD-TV Special on Farm Stress and Farmer Mental HealthAs part of the American Farm Bureau Federation’s ongoing effort to raise awareness, reduce stigma and share resources related to mental health, the organization partnered with RFD-TV to produce a one-hour episode of “Rural America Live” on farm stress and farmer mental health. The episode features AFBF President Zippy Duvall, Farm Credit Council President Todd Van Hoose and National Farmers Union President Rob Larew, as well as two university Extension specialists, a rural pastor and the author of “Stress-Free You!.

€ The program aired Thursday, Aug. 27, and will be re-broadcast on Saturday, Aug. 29, at 6 a.m.

Eastern/5 a.m. Central. Cyndie Shearing is director of communications at the American Farm Bureau Federation.

Quotes in this column originally appeared in state Farm Bureau publications and are reprinted with permission. Vincent, Williams (Oklahoma). Kennedy, Baker (Michigan) and Young (Virginia)..

Amoxil during pregnancy

SALT LAKE http://www.tracyiperkins.com/2007/11/16/pounding-the-pavement/ CITY, amoxil during pregnancy Nov. 10, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Health Catalyst, Inc. (Nasdaq. HCAT), a leading provider of data and analytics technology and services to healthcare organizations, today reported financial results for the quarter ended September 30, 2020.“In the third quarter of 2020, I am pleased to share that we achieved strong performance across our business, including exceeding the mid-point of our quarterly guidance for both revenue and Adjusted EBITDA,” said Dan Burton, CEO of Health Catalyst. €œIn addition to this financial and operational execution, we are excited to announce the promotion of Patrick Nelli, our current Chief Financial Officer, to the role President of Health Catalyst, effective January 1, 2021.

Patrick's responsibilities as President will include all the major growth functions of the company, including with existing customers, new customers, international expansion, sales operations, marketing and communications. Additionally, I am pleased to announce the promotion of Bryan Hunt, our current Senior Vice President of Financial Planning &. Analysis to the role of Chief Financial Officer, effective January 1, 2021. Patrick and Bryan, in their newly appointed roles, have my full support and confidence and the unanimous support and confidence of our board of directors. Lastly, I would also like to share two additional promotions related to these changes.

Jason Alger, our Senior Vice President of Finance, has been promoted to Chief Accounting Officer, and Adam Brown, our Senior Vice President of Investor Relations, has been promoted to Senior Vice President of Investor Relations and Finance Planning &. Analysis.”Financial Highlights for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 Key Financial Metrics Three Months EndedSeptember 30, Year over Year Change 2020 2019 GAAP Financial Data. (in thousands, except percentages) Technology revenue $ 27,964 $ 21,160 32% Professional services revenue $ 19,227 $ 18,263 5% Total revenue $ 47,191 $ 39,423 20% Loss from operations $ (23,458 ) $ (20,736 ) (13)% Net loss $ (27,326 ) $ (21,416 ) (28)% Other Non-GAAP Financial Data:(1) Adjusted Technology Gross Profit $ 19,115 $ 14,484 32% Adjusted Technology Gross Margin 68 % 68 % Adjusted Professional Services Gross Profit $ 4,823 $ 6,677 (28)% Adjusted Professional Services Gross Margin 25 % 37 % Total Adjusted Gross Profit $ 23,938 $ 21,161 13% Total Adjusted Gross Margin 51 % 54 % Adjusted EBITDA $ (6,434 ) $ (8,446 ) 24% ________________________(1) These measures are not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (GAAP). See the accompanying "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section below for more information about these financial measures, including the limitations of such measures, and for a reconciliation of each measure to the most directly comparable measure calculated in accordance with GAAP.Financial OutlookHealth Catalyst provides forward-looking guidance on total revenue, a GAAP measure, and Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure.For the fourth quarter of 2020, we expect:Total revenue between $50.5 million and $53.5 million, and Adjusted EBITDA between $(7.3) million and $(5.3) millionFor the full year of 2020, we expect:Total revenue between $186.1 million and $189.1 million, and Adjusted EBITDA between $(23.9) million and $(21.9) millionWe have not reconciled guidance for Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, and have not provided forward-looking guidance for net loss, because there are items that may impact net loss, including stock-based compensation, that are not within our control or cannot be reasonably predicted.Quarterly Conference Call DetailsThe company will host a conference call to review the results today, Tuesday, November 10, 2020 at 5:00 p.m. E.T.

The conference call can be accessed by dialing 1-877-295-1104 for U.S. Participants, or 1-470-495-9486 for international participants, and referencing participant code 7195951. A live audio webcast will be available online at https://ir.healthcatalyst.com/. A replay of the call will be available via webcast for on-demand listening shortly after the completion of the call, at the same web link, and will remain available for approximately 90 days.About Health CatalystHealth Catalyst is a leading provider of data and analytics technology and services to healthcare organizations committed to being the catalyst for massive, measurable, data-informed healthcare improvement. Its customers leverage the cloud-based data platform—powered by data from more than 100 million patient records and encompassing trillions of facts—as well as its analytics software and professional services expertise to make data-informed decisions and realize measurable clinical, financial, and operational improvements.

Health Catalyst envisions a future in which all healthcare decisions are data informed.Available InformationHealth Catalyst intends to use its Investor Relations website as a means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with its disclosure obligations under Regulation FD.Forward-Looking StatementsThis release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding our future growth and our financial outlook for Q4 and fiscal year 2020. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties and are based on potentially inaccurate assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expected or implied by the forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from the results predicted, and reported results should not be considered as an indication of future performance.Important risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, the following. (i) changes in laws and regulations applicable to our business model.

(ii) changes in market or industry conditions, regulatory environment and receptivity to our technology and services. (iii) results of litigation or a security incident. (iv) the loss of one or more key customers or partners. (v) the impact of buy antibiotics on our business and results of operation. And (vi) changes to our abilities to recruit and retain qualified team members.

For a detailed discussion of the risk factors that could affect our actual results, please refer to the risk factors identified in our SEC reports, including, but not limited to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC on February 28, 2020 and the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2020 expected to be filed with the SEC on or about November 10, 2020. All information provided in this release and in the attachments is as of the date hereof, and we undertake no duty to update or revise this information unless required by law. Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands, except share and per share data, unaudited) As ofSeptember 30, As ofDecember 31, 2020 2019 Assets Current assets. Cash and cash equivalents $ 111,239 $ 18,032 Short-term investments 163,898 210,245 Accounts receivable, net 36,339 27,570 Prepaid expenses and other assets 11,290 8,392 Total current assets 322,766 264,239 Property and equipment, net 5,319 4,295 Intangible assets, net 105,926 25,535 Operating lease right-of-use assets 25,833 3,787 Goodwill 107,822 3,694 Other assets 2,997 810 Total assets $ 570,663 $ 302,360 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities. Accounts payable $ 5,189 $ 3,622 Accrued liabilities 14,061 8,944 Acquisition-related consideration payable 3,214 2,192 Deferred revenue 35,090 30,653 Operating lease liabilities 2,425 2,806 Contingent consideration liabilities 5,893 — Total current liabilities 65,872 48,217 Long-term debt, net of current portion 166,200 48,200 Acquisition-related consideration payable, net of current portion — 1,860 Deferred revenue, net of current portion 1,635 1,459 Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion 24,245 1,654 Contingent consideration liabilities, net of current portion 10,279 — Other liabilities 2,817 326 Total liabilities 271,048 101,716 Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity.

Common stock, $0.001 par value. 42,239,922 and 36,678,854 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively 42 37 Additional paid-in capital 982,139 811,049 Accumulated deficit (682,632 ) (610,514 ) Accumulated other comprehensive income 66 72 Total stockholders' equity 299,615 200,644 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 570,663 $ 302,360 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands, except per share data, unaudited) Three Months EndedSeptember 30, Nine Months EndedSeptember 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Revenue. Technology $ 27,964 $ 21,160 $ 78,150 $ 61,393 Professional services 19,227 18,263 57,416 50,047 Total revenue 47,191 39,423 135,566 111,440 Cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization. Technology(1) 9,045 6,740 25,148 20,536 Professional services(1)(3) 15,307 11,892 46,401 33,132 Total cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization 24,352 18,632 71,549 53,668 Operating expenses. Sales and marketing(1)(3) 14,629 14,721 40,618 35,579 Research and development(1)(3) 13,390 13,477 38,539 33,209 General and administrative(1)(2)(4)(5) 13,297 11,013 31,111 23,333 Depreciation and amortization 4,981 2,316 10,952 6,844 Total operating expenses 46,297 41,527 121,220 98,965 Loss from operations (23,458 ) (20,736 ) (57,203 ) (41,193 ) Loss on extinguishment of debt — — (8,514 ) (1,670 ) Interest and other expense, net (3,854 ) (659 ) (7,500 ) (2,924 ) Loss before income taxes (27,312 ) (21,395 ) (73,217 ) (45,787 ) Income tax provision (benefit) 14 21 (1,218 ) 43 Net loss $ (27,326 ) $ (21,416 ) $ (71,999 ) $ (45,830 ) Less.

Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock — 18,170 — 180,826 Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ (27,326 ) $ (39,586 ) $ (71,999 ) $ (226,656 ) Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted $ (0.68 ) $ (1.40 ) $ (1.87 ) $ (17.78 ) Weighted-average shares outstanding used in calculating net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted 40,292 28,223 38,517 12,750 Adjusted net loss(6) $ (8,287 ) $ (9,817 ) $ (20,110 ) $ (26,014 ) Pro forma adjusted net loss per share, basic and diluted(6) $ (0.21 ) $ (0.27 ) $ (0.52 ) $ (0.72 ) Pro forma as adjusted weighted-average number of shares outstanding used in calculating Adjusted Net Loss per share, basic and diluted(6) 40,292 36,373 38,517 36,183 _______________(1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows. Three Months EndedSeptember 30, Nine Months EndedSeptember 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Stock-Based Compensation Expense. (in thousands) (in thousands) Cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization. Technology $ 196 $ 64 $ 575 $ 129 Professional services 903 306 2,609 593 Sales and marketing 3,233 1,358 9,724 2,639 Research and development 2,025 3,067 5,987 3,502 General and administrative 3,139 5,179 8,388 6,165 Total $ 9,496 $ 9,974 $ 27,283 $ 13,028 (2) Includes acquisition transaction costs as follows. Three Months EndedSeptember 30, Nine Months EndedSeptember 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Acquisition transaction costs.

(in thousands) (in thousands) General and administrative $ 1,399 $ — $ 2,670 $ — Total $ 1,399 $ — $ 2,670 $ — (3) Includes post-acquisition restructuring costs as follows. Three Months EndedSeptember 30, Nine Months EndedSeptember 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Post-Acquisition Restructuring Costs. (in thousands) (in thousands) Cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization. Professional services $ — $ — $ — $ 108 Sales and marketing — — — 306 Research and development — — — 32 Total $ — $ — $ — $ 446 (4) Includes the change in fair value of contingent consideration liabilities, as follows. Three Months EndedSeptember 30, Nine Months EndedSeptember 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Change in fair value of contingent consideration liabilities.

(in thousands) (in thousands) General and administrative $ 564 $ — $ (1,004 ) $ — Total $ 564 $ — $ (1,004 ) $ — (5) Includes duplicate headquarters rent expense, as follows. Three Months EndedSeptember 30, Nine Months EndedSeptember 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Duplicate Headquarters Rent Expense. (in thousands) (in thousands) General and administrative $ 584 $ — $ 709 $ — Total $ 584 $ — $ 709 $ — (6) Includes pro forma adjustments to net loss attributable to common stockholders and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding directly attributable to the closing of our initial public offering on July 29, 2019 as well as certain other non-GAAP adjustments. Refer to the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Pro Forma Adjusted Net Loss Per Share" section below for further details. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands, unaudited) Nine Months EndedSeptember 30, Cash flows from operating activities 2020 2019 Net loss $ (71,999 ) $ (45,830 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities.

Depreciation and amortization 10,952 6,844 Loss on extinguishment of debt 8,514 1,670 Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs 5,260 797 Non-cash operating lease expense 2,865 2,696 Investment discount and premium amortization 854 (443 ) Provision for expected credit losses 822 — Stock-based compensation expense 27,283 13,028 Deferred tax (benefit) provision (1,280 ) — Change in fair value of contingent consideration liabilities (1,004 ) — Other 85 (36 ) Change in operating assets and liabilities. Accounts receivable, net (4,450 ) (3,323 ) Prepaid expenses and other assets (2,937 ) (1,362 ) Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and other liabilities 6,567 1,661 Deferred revenue (838 ) 7,601 Operating lease liabilities (2,701 ) (2,426 ) Net cash used in operating activities (22,007 ) (19,123 ) Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of short-term investments (163,346 ) (221,444 ) Proceeds from the sale and maturity of short-term investments 208,467 37,277 Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired (102,471 ) — Purchase of property and equipment (2,071 ) (1,658 ) Purchase of intangible assets (1,249 ) (1,747 ) Proceeds from sale of property and equipment 10 40 Net cash used in investing activities (60,660 ) (187,532 ) Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from convertible note securities, net of issuance costs 222,482 — Purchase of capped calls concurrent with issuance of convertible senior notes (21,743 ) — Proceeds from credit facilities, net of debt issuance costs — 47,169 Repayment of credit facilities (57,043 ) (21,821 ) Proceeds from exercise of stock options 29,393 2,177 Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan 3,528 1,216 Payments of acquisition-related consideration (748 ) (773 ) Proceeds from initial public offering, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions — 194,649 Proceeds from the issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs — 12,073 Payments of deferred offering costs — (4,407 ) Net cash provided by financing activities 175,869 230,283 Effect of exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents 5 — Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 93,207 23,628 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 18,032 28,431 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 111,239 $ 52,059 Non-GAAP Financial MeasuresTo supplement our financial information presented in accordance with GAAP, we believe certain non-GAAP measures, including Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Loss, and Adjusted Net Loss per share, basic and diluted, are useful in evaluating our operating performance. We use this non-GAAP financial information to evaluate our ongoing operations, as a component in determining employee bonus compensation, and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that non-GAAP financial information, when taken collectively, may be helpful to investors because it provides consistency and comparability with past financial performance. However, non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP.

In addition, other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate similarly-titled non-GAAP measures differently or may use other measures to evaluate their performance. A reconciliation is provided below for each non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure stated in accordance with GAAP. Investors are encouraged to review the related GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross MarginAdjusted Gross Profit is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as revenue less cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization and excluding (i) stock-based compensation and (ii) post-acquisition restructuring costs (none during periods presented). We define Adjusted Gross Margin as our Adjusted Gross Profit divided by our revenue. We believe Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin are useful to investors as they eliminate the impact of certain non-cash expenses and allow a direct comparison of these measures between periods without the impact of non-cash expenses and certain other non-recurring operating expenses.

The following is a reconciliation of revenue, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted Gross Profit, for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 (in thousands, except percentages) Technology Professional Services Total Revenue $ 27,964 $ 19,227 $ 47,191 Cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization (9,045 ) (15,307 ) (24,352 ) Gross profit, excluding depreciation and amortization 18,919 3,920 22,839 Add. Stock-based compensation 196 903 1,099 Adjusted Gross Profit $ 19,115 $ 4,823 $ 23,938 Gross margin, excluding depreciation and amortization 68 % 20 % 48 % Adjusted Gross Margin 68 % 25 % 51 % Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 (in thousands, except percentages) Technology Professional Services Total Revenue $ 21,160 $ 18,263 $ 39,423 Cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization (6,740 ) (11,892 ) (18,632 ) Gross profit, excluding depreciation and amortization 14,420 6,371 20,791 Add. Stock-based compensation 64 306 370 Adjusted Gross Profit $ 14,484 $ 6,677 $ 21,161 Gross margin, excluding depreciation and amortization 68 % 35 % 53 % Adjusted Gross Margin 68 % 37 % 54 % Adjusted EBITDAAdjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as net loss adjusted for (i) interest and other expense, net, (ii) loss on extinguishment of debt (none in periods presented), (iii) income tax (benefit) provision, (iv) depreciation and amortization, (v) stock-based compensation, (vi) acquisition transaction costs, (vii) change in fair value of contingent consideration liability, (viii) duplicate headquarters rent expense, and (ix) post-acquisition restructuring costs when they are incurred. We believe Adjusted EBITDA provides investors with useful information on period-to-period performance as evaluated by management and comparison with our past financial performance and is useful in evaluating our operating performance compared to that of other companies in our industry, as this metric generally eliminates the effects of certain items that may vary from company to company for reasons unrelated to overall operating performance.

The following is a reconciliation of our net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted EBITDA, for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Three Months EndedSeptember 30, 2020 2019 (in thousands) Net loss $ (27,326 ) $ (21,416 ) Add. Interest and other expense, net 3,854 659 Income tax (benefit) provision 14 21 Depreciation and amortization 4,981 2,316 Stock-based compensation 9,496 9,974 Acquisition transaction costs 1,399 — Change in fair value of contingent consideration liability 564 — Duplicate headquarters rent expense 584 — Adjusted EBITDA $ (6,434 ) $ (8,446 ) Pro Forma Adjusted Net Loss Per ShareAdjusted Net Loss is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as net loss attributable to common stockholders adjusted for (i) accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock, (ii) stock-based compensation, (iii) amortization of acquired intangibles, (iv) loss on debt extinguishment, (v) acquisition transaction costs, (vi) change in fair value of contingent consideration liability, (vii) non-cash interest expense related to our convertible senior notes, (viii) duplicate headquarters rent expense (see explanation above), and (ix) post-acquisition restructuring costs. Non-cash interest expense related to our convertible senior notes relates to the convertible senior notes that were issued in a private placement in April 2020. Under GAAP, we are required to separately account for liability (debt) and equity (conversion option) components of the convertible senior notes.

Accordingly, for GAAP purposes we are required to recognize the effective interest expense on our convertible senior notes and amortize the issuance costs over the term of the notes. The difference between the effective interest expense and the contractual interest expense, and the amortization expense of issuance costs are excluded from management’s assessment of our operating performance because management believes that these non-cash expenses are not indicative of ongoing operating performance.We believe Adjusted Net Loss provides investors with useful information on period-to-period performance as evaluated by management and comparison with our past financial performance and is useful in evaluating our operating performance compared to that of other companies in our industry, as this metric generally eliminates the effects of certain items that may vary from company to company for reasons unrelated to overall operating performance.On July 29, 2019, we closed our initial public offering (our IPO) in which we issued and sold 8,050,000 shares (inclusive of the underwriters’ option to purchase an additional 1,050,000 shares) of common stock at $26.00 per share. We received net proceeds of $194.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and before deducting offering costs of $4.6 million. Upon the closing of our IPO, all shares of our outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock converted into 23,151,481 shares of common stock on a one-for-one basis. We have prepared the below adjusted condensed consolidated statement of operations data to present pro forma adjusted net loss per share amounts that will be comparable between the current and prior periods presented as if the conversion of all outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock and the issuance of the IPO shares had occurred as of the beginning of the prior year comparative periods.

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Numerator. (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ (27,326 ) $ (39,586 ) $ (71,999 ) $ (226,656 ) Add Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock — 18,170 — 180,826 Stock-based compensation 9,496 9,974 27,283 13,028 Amortization of acquired intangibles 4,276 1,625 8,786 4,672 Loss on extinguishment of debt — — 8,514 1,670 Acquisition transaction costs 1,399 — 2,670 — Change in fair value of contingent consideration liability 564 — (1,004 ) — Non-cash interest expense related to convertible senior notes 2,720 — 4,931 — Duplicate headquarters rent expense 584 — 709 — Post-acquisition restructuring costs — — — 446 Adjusted Net Loss $ (8,287 ) $ (9,817 ) $ (20,110 ) $ (26,014 ) Denominator. Weighted-average number of shares used in calculating net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted 40,292,380 28,222,555 38,517,272 12,749,903 Pro forma adjustments Pro forma adjustment to reflect issuance and conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to common stock, assuming the conversion took place as of the beginning of the 2019 period — 6,039,517 — 17,384,812 Pro forma adjustment to reflect issuance of shares of common stock as part of IPO, assuming the issuance took place as of the beginning of the 2019 period — 2,111,413 — 6,048,718 Pro forma as adjusted weighted-average number of shares used in calculating Adjusted Net Loss per share, basic and diluted 40,292,380 36,373,485 38,517,272 36,183,433 Pro forma adjusted net loss per share, basic and diluted $ (0.21 ) $ (0.27 ) $ (0.52 ) $ (0.72 ) Health Catalyst Investor Relations Contact:Adam BrownSenior Vice President, Investor Relations+1 (855)-309-6800ir@healthcatalyst.comHealth Catalyst Media Contact:Amanda Hundtamanda.hundt@healthcatalyst.com+1 (575) 491-0974 Source. Health Catalyst, Inc..

SALT LAKE CITY, Nov amoxil online canadian pharmacy. 10, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Health Catalyst, Inc. (Nasdaq. HCAT), a leading provider of data and analytics technology and services to healthcare organizations, today reported financial results for the quarter ended September 30, 2020.“In the third quarter of 2020, I am pleased to share that we achieved strong performance across our business, including exceeding the mid-point of our quarterly guidance for both revenue and Adjusted EBITDA,” said Dan Burton, CEO of Health Catalyst.

€œIn addition to this financial and operational execution, we are excited to announce the promotion of Patrick Nelli, our current Chief Financial Officer, to the role President of Health Catalyst, effective January 1, 2021. Patrick's responsibilities as President will include all the major growth functions of the company, including with existing customers, new customers, international expansion, sales operations, marketing and communications. Additionally, I am pleased to announce the promotion of Bryan Hunt, our current Senior Vice President of Financial Planning &. Analysis to the role of Chief Financial Officer, effective January 1, 2021.

Patrick and Bryan, in their newly appointed roles, have my full support and confidence and the unanimous support and confidence of our board of directors. Lastly, I would also like to share two additional promotions related to these changes. Jason Alger, our Senior Vice President of Finance, has been promoted to Chief Accounting Officer, and Adam Brown, our Senior Vice President of Investor Relations, has been promoted to Senior Vice President of Investor Relations and Finance Planning &. Analysis.”Financial Highlights for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 Key Financial Metrics Three Months EndedSeptember 30, Year over Year Change 2020 2019 GAAP Financial Data.

(in thousands, except percentages) Technology revenue $ 27,964 $ 21,160 32% Professional services revenue $ 19,227 $ 18,263 5% Total revenue $ 47,191 $ 39,423 20% Loss from operations $ (23,458 ) $ (20,736 ) (13)% Net loss $ (27,326 ) $ (21,416 ) (28)% Other Non-GAAP Financial Data:(1) Adjusted Technology Gross Profit $ 19,115 $ 14,484 32% Adjusted Technology Gross Margin 68 % 68 % Adjusted Professional Services Gross Profit $ 4,823 $ 6,677 (28)% Adjusted Professional Services Gross Margin 25 % 37 % Total Adjusted Gross Profit $ 23,938 $ 21,161 13% Total Adjusted Gross Margin 51 % 54 % Adjusted EBITDA $ (6,434 ) $ (8,446 ) 24% ________________________(1) These measures are not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (GAAP). See the accompanying "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section below for more information about these financial measures, including the limitations of such measures, and for a reconciliation of each measure to the most directly comparable measure calculated in accordance with GAAP.Financial OutlookHealth Catalyst provides forward-looking guidance on total revenue, a GAAP measure, and Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure.For the fourth quarter of 2020, we expect:Total revenue between $50.5 million and $53.5 million, and Adjusted EBITDA between $(7.3) million and $(5.3) millionFor the full year of 2020, we expect:Total revenue between $186.1 million and $189.1 million, and Adjusted EBITDA between $(23.9) million and $(21.9) millionWe have not reconciled guidance for Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, and have not provided forward-looking guidance for net loss, because there are items that may impact net loss, including stock-based compensation, that are not within our control or cannot be reasonably predicted.Quarterly Conference Call DetailsThe company will host a conference call to review the results today, Tuesday, November 10, 2020 at 5:00 p.m. E.T. The conference call can be accessed by dialing 1-877-295-1104 for U.S.

Participants, or 1-470-495-9486 for international participants, and referencing participant code 7195951. A live audio webcast will be available online at https://ir.healthcatalyst.com/. A replay of the call will be available via webcast for on-demand listening shortly after the completion of the call, at the same web link, and will remain available for approximately 90 days.About Health CatalystHealth Catalyst is a leading provider of data and analytics technology and services to healthcare organizations committed to being the catalyst for massive, measurable, data-informed healthcare improvement. Its customers leverage the cloud-based data platform—powered by data from more than 100 million patient records and encompassing trillions of facts—as well as its analytics software and professional services expertise to make data-informed decisions and realize measurable clinical, financial, and operational improvements.

Health Catalyst envisions a future in which all healthcare decisions are data informed.Available InformationHealth Catalyst intends to use its Investor Relations website as a means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with its disclosure obligations under Regulation FD.Forward-Looking StatementsThis release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding our future growth and our financial outlook for Q4 and fiscal year 2020. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties and are based on potentially inaccurate assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expected or implied by the forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from the results predicted, and reported results should not be considered as an indication of future performance.Important risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, the following.

(i) changes in laws and regulations applicable to our business model. (ii) changes in market or industry conditions, regulatory environment and receptivity to our technology and services. (iii) results of litigation or a security incident. (iv) the loss of one or more key customers or partners.

(v) the impact of buy antibiotics on our business and results of operation. And (vi) changes to our abilities to recruit and retain qualified team members. For a detailed discussion of the risk factors that could affect our actual results, please refer to the risk factors identified in our SEC reports, including, but not limited to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC on February 28, 2020 and the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2020 expected to be filed with the SEC on or about November 10, 2020. All information provided in this release and in the attachments is as of the date hereof, and we undertake no duty to update or revise this information unless required by law.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands, except share and per share data, unaudited) As ofSeptember 30, As ofDecember 31, 2020 2019 Assets Current assets. Cash and cash equivalents $ 111,239 $ 18,032 Short-term investments 163,898 210,245 Accounts receivable, net 36,339 27,570 Prepaid expenses and other assets 11,290 8,392 Total current assets 322,766 264,239 Property and equipment, net 5,319 4,295 Intangible assets, net 105,926 25,535 Operating lease right-of-use assets 25,833 3,787 Goodwill 107,822 3,694 Other assets 2,997 810 Total assets $ 570,663 $ 302,360 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities. Accounts payable $ 5,189 $ 3,622 Accrued liabilities 14,061 8,944 Acquisition-related consideration payable 3,214 2,192 Deferred revenue 35,090 30,653 Operating lease liabilities 2,425 2,806 Contingent consideration liabilities 5,893 — Total current liabilities 65,872 48,217 Long-term debt, net of current portion 166,200 48,200 Acquisition-related consideration payable, net of current portion — 1,860 Deferred revenue, net of current portion 1,635 1,459 Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion 24,245 1,654 Contingent consideration liabilities, net of current portion 10,279 — Other liabilities 2,817 326 Total liabilities 271,048 101,716 Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity. Common stock, $0.001 par value.

42,239,922 and 36,678,854 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively 42 37 Additional paid-in capital 982,139 811,049 Accumulated deficit (682,632 ) (610,514 ) Accumulated other comprehensive income 66 72 Total stockholders' equity 299,615 200,644 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 570,663 $ 302,360 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands, except per share data, unaudited) Three Months EndedSeptember 30, Nine Months EndedSeptember 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Revenue. Technology $ 27,964 $ 21,160 $ 78,150 $ 61,393 Professional services 19,227 18,263 57,416 50,047 Total revenue 47,191 39,423 135,566 111,440 Cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization. Technology(1) 9,045 6,740 25,148 20,536 Professional services(1)(3) 15,307 11,892 46,401 33,132 Total cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization 24,352 18,632 71,549 53,668 Operating expenses. Sales and marketing(1)(3) 14,629 14,721 40,618 35,579 Research and development(1)(3) 13,390 13,477 38,539 33,209 General and administrative(1)(2)(4)(5) 13,297 11,013 31,111 23,333 Depreciation and amortization 4,981 2,316 10,952 6,844 Total operating expenses 46,297 41,527 121,220 98,965 Loss from operations (23,458 ) (20,736 ) (57,203 ) (41,193 ) Loss on extinguishment of debt — — (8,514 ) (1,670 ) Interest and other expense, net (3,854 ) (659 ) (7,500 ) (2,924 ) Loss before income taxes (27,312 ) (21,395 ) (73,217 ) (45,787 ) Income tax provision (benefit) 14 21 (1,218 ) 43 Net loss $ (27,326 ) $ (21,416 ) $ (71,999 ) $ (45,830 ) Less.

Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock — 18,170 — 180,826 Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ (27,326 ) $ (39,586 ) $ (71,999 ) $ (226,656 ) Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted $ (0.68 ) $ (1.40 ) $ (1.87 ) $ (17.78 ) Weighted-average shares outstanding used in calculating net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted 40,292 28,223 38,517 12,750 Adjusted net loss(6) $ (8,287 ) $ (9,817 ) $ (20,110 ) $ (26,014 ) Pro forma adjusted net loss per share, basic and diluted(6) $ (0.21 ) $ (0.27 ) $ (0.52 ) $ (0.72 ) Pro forma as adjusted weighted-average number of shares outstanding used in calculating Adjusted Net Loss per share, basic and diluted(6) 40,292 36,373 38,517 36,183 _______________(1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows. Three Months EndedSeptember 30, Nine Months EndedSeptember 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Stock-Based Compensation Expense. (in thousands) (in thousands) Cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization. Technology $ 196 $ 64 $ 575 $ 129 Professional services 903 306 2,609 593 Sales and marketing 3,233 1,358 9,724 2,639 Research and development 2,025 3,067 5,987 3,502 General and administrative 3,139 5,179 8,388 6,165 Total $ 9,496 $ 9,974 $ 27,283 $ 13,028 (2) Includes acquisition transaction costs as follows.

Three Months EndedSeptember 30, Nine Months EndedSeptember 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Acquisition transaction costs. (in thousands) (in thousands) General and administrative $ 1,399 $ — $ 2,670 $ — Total $ 1,399 $ — $ 2,670 $ — (3) Includes post-acquisition restructuring costs as follows. Three Months EndedSeptember 30, Nine Months EndedSeptember 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Post-Acquisition Restructuring Costs. (in thousands) (in thousands) Cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization.

Professional services $ — $ — $ — $ 108 Sales and marketing — — — 306 Research and development — — — 32 Total $ — $ — $ — $ 446 (4) Includes the change in fair value of contingent consideration liabilities, as follows. Three Months EndedSeptember 30, Nine Months EndedSeptember 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Change in fair value of contingent consideration liabilities. (in thousands) (in thousands) General and administrative $ 564 $ — $ (1,004 ) $ — Total $ 564 $ — $ (1,004 ) $ — (5) Includes duplicate headquarters rent expense, as follows. Three Months EndedSeptember 30, Nine Months EndedSeptember 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Duplicate Headquarters Rent Expense.

(in thousands) (in thousands) General and administrative $ 584 $ — $ 709 $ — Total $ 584 $ — $ 709 $ — (6) Includes pro forma adjustments to net loss attributable to common stockholders and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding directly attributable to the closing of our initial public offering on July 29, 2019 as well as certain other non-GAAP adjustments. Refer to the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Pro Forma Adjusted Net Loss Per Share" section below for further details. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands, unaudited) Nine Months EndedSeptember 30, Cash flows from operating activities 2020 2019 Net loss $ (71,999 ) $ (45,830 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities. Depreciation and amortization 10,952 6,844 Loss on extinguishment of debt 8,514 1,670 Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs 5,260 797 Non-cash operating lease expense 2,865 2,696 Investment discount and premium amortization 854 (443 ) Provision for expected credit losses 822 — Stock-based compensation expense 27,283 13,028 Deferred tax (benefit) provision (1,280 ) — Change in fair value of contingent consideration liabilities (1,004 ) — Other 85 (36 ) Change in operating assets and liabilities.

Accounts receivable, net (4,450 ) (3,323 ) Prepaid expenses and other assets (2,937 ) (1,362 ) Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and other liabilities 6,567 1,661 Deferred revenue (838 ) 7,601 Operating lease liabilities (2,701 ) (2,426 ) Net cash used in operating activities (22,007 ) (19,123 ) Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of short-term investments (163,346 ) (221,444 ) Proceeds from the sale and maturity of short-term investments 208,467 37,277 Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired (102,471 ) — Purchase of property and equipment (2,071 ) (1,658 ) Purchase of intangible assets (1,249 ) (1,747 ) Proceeds from sale of property and equipment 10 40 Net cash used in investing activities (60,660 ) (187,532 ) Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from convertible note securities, net of issuance costs 222,482 — Purchase of capped calls concurrent with issuance of convertible senior notes (21,743 ) — Proceeds from credit facilities, net of debt issuance costs — 47,169 Repayment of credit facilities (57,043 ) (21,821 ) Proceeds from exercise of stock options 29,393 2,177 Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan 3,528 1,216 Payments of acquisition-related consideration (748 ) (773 ) Proceeds from initial public offering, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions — 194,649 Proceeds from the issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs — 12,073 Payments of deferred offering costs — (4,407 ) Net cash provided by financing activities 175,869 230,283 Effect of exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents 5 — Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 93,207 23,628 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 18,032 28,431 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 111,239 $ 52,059 Non-GAAP Financial MeasuresTo supplement our financial information presented in accordance with GAAP, we believe certain non-GAAP measures, including Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Loss, and Adjusted Net Loss per share, basic and diluted, are useful in evaluating our operating performance. We use this non-GAAP financial information to evaluate our ongoing operations, as a component in determining employee bonus compensation, and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that non-GAAP financial information, when taken collectively, may be helpful to investors because it provides consistency and comparability with past financial performance. However, non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP.

In addition, other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate similarly-titled non-GAAP measures differently or may use other measures to evaluate their performance. A reconciliation is provided below for each non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure stated in accordance with GAAP. Investors are encouraged to review the related GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross MarginAdjusted Gross Profit is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as revenue less cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization and excluding (i) stock-based compensation and (ii) post-acquisition restructuring costs (none during periods presented). We define Adjusted Gross Margin as our Adjusted Gross Profit divided by our revenue.

We believe Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin are useful to investors as they eliminate the impact of certain non-cash expenses and allow a direct comparison of these measures between periods without the impact of non-cash expenses and certain other non-recurring operating expenses. The following is a reconciliation of revenue, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted Gross Profit, for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 (in thousands, except percentages) Technology Professional Services Total Revenue $ 27,964 $ 19,227 $ 47,191 Cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization (9,045 ) (15,307 ) (24,352 ) Gross profit, excluding depreciation and amortization 18,919 3,920 22,839 Add. Stock-based compensation 196 903 1,099 Adjusted Gross Profit $ 19,115 $ 4,823 $ 23,938 Gross margin, excluding depreciation and amortization 68 % 20 % 48 % Adjusted Gross Margin 68 % 25 % 51 % Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 (in thousands, except percentages) Technology Professional Services Total Revenue $ 21,160 $ 18,263 $ 39,423 Cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization (6,740 ) (11,892 ) (18,632 ) Gross profit, excluding depreciation and amortization 14,420 6,371 20,791 Add.

Stock-based compensation 64 306 370 Adjusted Gross Profit $ 14,484 $ 6,677 $ 21,161 Gross margin, excluding depreciation and amortization 68 % 35 % 53 % Adjusted Gross Margin 68 % 37 % 54 % Adjusted EBITDAAdjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as net loss adjusted for (i) interest and other expense, net, (ii) loss on extinguishment of debt (none in periods presented), (iii) income tax (benefit) provision, (iv) depreciation and amortization, (v) stock-based compensation, (vi) acquisition transaction costs, (vii) change in fair value of contingent consideration liability, (viii) duplicate headquarters rent expense, and (ix) post-acquisition restructuring costs when they are incurred. We believe Adjusted EBITDA provides investors with useful information on period-to-period performance as evaluated by management and comparison with our past financial performance and is useful in evaluating our operating performance compared to that of other companies in our industry, as this metric generally eliminates the effects of certain items that may vary from company to company for reasons unrelated to overall operating performance. The following is a reconciliation of our net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted EBITDA, for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Three Months EndedSeptember 30, 2020 2019 (in thousands) Net loss $ (27,326 ) $ (21,416 ) Add.

Interest and other expense, net 3,854 659 Income tax (benefit) provision 14 21 Depreciation and amortization 4,981 2,316 Stock-based compensation 9,496 9,974 Acquisition transaction costs 1,399 — Change in fair value of contingent consideration liability 564 — Duplicate headquarters rent expense 584 — Adjusted EBITDA $ (6,434 ) $ (8,446 ) Pro Forma Adjusted Net Loss Per ShareAdjusted Net Loss is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as net loss attributable to common stockholders adjusted for (i) accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock, (ii) stock-based compensation, (iii) amortization of acquired intangibles, (iv) loss on debt extinguishment, (v) acquisition transaction costs, (vi) change in fair value of contingent consideration liability, (vii) non-cash interest expense related to our convertible senior notes, (viii) duplicate headquarters rent expense (see explanation above), and (ix) post-acquisition restructuring costs. Non-cash interest expense related to our convertible senior notes relates to the convertible senior notes that were issued in a private placement in April 2020. Under GAAP, we are required to separately account for liability (debt) and equity (conversion option) components of the convertible senior notes. Accordingly, for GAAP purposes we are required to recognize the effective interest expense on our convertible senior notes and amortize the issuance costs over the term of the notes.

The difference between the effective interest expense and the contractual interest expense, and the amortization expense of issuance costs are excluded from management’s assessment of our operating performance because management believes that these non-cash expenses are not indicative of ongoing operating performance.We believe Adjusted Net Loss provides investors with useful information on period-to-period performance as evaluated by management and comparison with our past financial performance and is useful in evaluating our operating performance compared to that of other companies in our industry, as this metric generally eliminates the effects of certain items that may vary from company to company for reasons unrelated to overall operating performance.On July 29, 2019, we closed our initial public offering (our IPO) in which we issued and sold 8,050,000 shares (inclusive of the underwriters’ option to purchase an additional 1,050,000 shares) of common stock at $26.00 per share. We received net proceeds of $194.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and before deducting offering costs of $4.6 million. Upon the closing of our IPO, all shares of our outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock converted into 23,151,481 shares of common stock on a one-for-one basis. We have prepared the below adjusted condensed consolidated statement of operations data to present pro forma adjusted net loss per share amounts that will be comparable between the current and prior periods presented as if the conversion of all outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock and the issuance of the IPO shares had occurred as of the beginning of the prior year comparative periods.

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Numerator. (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ (27,326 ) $ (39,586 ) $ (71,999 ) $ (226,656 ) Add Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock — 18,170 — 180,826 Stock-based compensation 9,496 9,974 27,283 13,028 Amortization of acquired intangibles 4,276 1,625 8,786 4,672 Loss on extinguishment of debt — — 8,514 1,670 Acquisition transaction costs 1,399 — 2,670 — Change in fair value of contingent consideration liability 564 — (1,004 ) — Non-cash interest expense related to convertible senior notes 2,720 — 4,931 — Duplicate headquarters rent expense 584 — 709 — Post-acquisition restructuring costs — — — 446 Adjusted Net Loss $ (8,287 ) $ (9,817 ) $ (20,110 ) $ (26,014 ) Denominator. Weighted-average number of shares used in calculating net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted 40,292,380 28,222,555 38,517,272 12,749,903 Pro forma adjustments Pro forma adjustment to reflect issuance and conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to common stock, assuming the conversion took place as of the beginning of the 2019 period — 6,039,517 — 17,384,812 Pro forma adjustment to reflect issuance of shares of common stock as part of IPO, assuming the issuance took place as of the beginning of the 2019 period — 2,111,413 — 6,048,718 Pro forma as adjusted weighted-average number of shares used in calculating Adjusted Net Loss per share, basic and diluted 40,292,380 36,373,485 38,517,272 36,183,433 Pro forma adjusted net loss per share, basic and diluted $ (0.21 ) $ (0.27 ) $ (0.52 ) $ (0.72 ) Health Catalyst Investor Relations Contact:Adam BrownSenior Vice President, Investor Relations+1 (855)-309-6800ir@healthcatalyst.comHealth Catalyst Media Contact:Amanda Hundtamanda.hundt@healthcatalyst.com+1 (575) 491-0974 Source. Health Catalyst, Inc..

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A 2020 report found that many health systems struggle to define clear return on investment from their population health management initiatives, with several (as with the KLAS report) citing data problems as a challenge. ON THE RECORD "Health systems that are ahead of the curve in their adoption of downside risk contracts have valuable insights that can help peers understand how to move the needle on value-based reimbursement," said KLAS researchers. Kat Jercich is senior editor of Healthcare IT amoxil over the counter News.Twitter.

@kjercichEmail. Kjercich@himss.orgHealthcare IT News is a HIMSS Media publication..

A new report from the KLAS analytics Resources firm examined the role downside risk contracts can play when it comes to amoxil online canadian pharmacy improving outcomes and saving money. By working with population health management vendors, KLAS explored the ways organizations can use technology and buy-in to make "significant progress" toward value-based reimbursement. "Success with downside risk requires a lot of effort from provider organizations and their vendor partners, and both parties must be willing to put in the necessary amoxil online canadian pharmacy work," observed researchers. "Leading organizations have collaborative relationships with their IT vendors and work in tandem with them to develop needed technology." "In some cases, organizations supply data to help train models, or they may develop functionality internally that is then integrated into the technology platform. This kind of development requires heavy internal investment from the provider organization," they added.WHY IT MATTERS Downside risk models require providers to refund the payer for some losses if actual care costs exceed financial benchmarks.

By building on shared savings contracts, KLAS explained, organizations can increase quality amoxil online canadian pharmacy performance and reduce medical expenses.For organizations that have "aggressively pursued" such contracts, said KLAS, three common principles stand out. Active, collaborative vendor relationships.Organizational investment and buy-in.Willingness to take on commercial risk and work with payers.Provider organizations advise peers to examine contracts closely and to make them as standardized and payer-agnostic as possible. At the same time, KLAS-interviewed amoxil online canadian pharmacy executives repeatedly stressed the need for better interoperability between systems and for access to data from all payers. They want data to be timely and more easily transferred into their data warehouses, and some expressed the desire for more standardized codes and structure. "In addition, advanced analytics, in the form of customized reports and dashboards, are needed to create more actionable insights.

This includes amoxil online canadian pharmacy the predictive analytics that allow organizations to engage in risk and contract modeling," said researchers.They flagged claims data as a particular pain point. The availability and format can differ across payers, or even differ from buy amoxil 500mg online month to month for the same payer. Executives consistently described two technology factors as being key to their downside risk amoxil online canadian pharmacy progress. Strong integration and timely customization. Azara Healthcare, HealthEC and Cedar Gate Technologies ranked highly for functionality, while Inovaccer earned high integration ratings.

Meanwhile, amoxil online canadian pharmacy Allscripts and Cerner customers give the vendors lower integration and functionality ratings in terms of delivering key value-based reimbursement insights. THE LARGER TRENDPopulation health IT vendors have played an important role in furthering value-based care, particularly when it comes to incorporating social determinants of health into organizational analysis. Still, hurdles exist to broad amoxil online canadian pharmacy adoption. A 2020 report found that many health systems struggle to define clear return on investment from their population health management initiatives, with several (as with the KLAS report) citing data problems as a challenge. ON THE RECORD "Health systems that are ahead of the curve in their adoption of downside risk contracts have valuable insights that can help peers understand how to move the needle on value-based reimbursement," said KLAS researchers.

Kat Jercich is amoxil online canadian pharmacy senior editor of Healthcare IT News.Twitter. @kjercichEmail. Kjercich@himss.orgHealthcare IT News is a HIMSS Media publication..

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